Implementation of six degree-of-freedom high-precision robotic phantom on commercial industrial robotic manipulator.

This technical note discloses our implementation of a six degree-of-freedom (DOF) high-precision robotic phantom on a commercially available industrial robot manipulator. These manipulators are designed to optimize their set point tracking accuracy as it is the most important performance metric for industrial manipulators. Their in-house controllers are tuned to suppress its error less than a few tens of micrometers. However, the use of industrial robot manipulators in six DOF robotic phantom can be a difficult problem since their in-house controller are not optimized for continuous path tracking in general. Although instantaneous tracking error in a continuous path tracking task will not exceed five millimeters during motion with the in-house controller, it seriously matters for a robotic phantom, as the tracking error should remain within one millimeter in three dimensional space for all time during motion. The difficulty of the task is further increased since the reference trajectory of a robotic phantom, which is a six DOF tumor motion of a patient, cannot be as smooth as the ones used in factories. The present study presents a feedforward controller for a feedback-controlled industrial six DOF robotic manipulator to be used as a six DOF robotic phantom to drive the water equivalent phantom (WEP). We first trained a set of six recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to capture the six DOF input/output behavior of the robotic manipulator controlled by its in-house controller, and we proceed to formulate an iterative learning control (ILC) using the trained model to generate an augmented reference trajectory for a specific patient that enables very high tracking accuracy to that trajectory. Experimental evaluation results demonstrate clear improvements in the accuracy of the proposed robotic phantom compared to our previous robotic phantom, which uses the same manipulator but is driven by a different corrected reference trajectory.