Gao Wenjie, Bai Yu, Liu Huwei
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Se Pu. 2021 Sep;39(9):981-988. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.08012.
Protein glycosylation is among the most common and important post-translational modifications, and plays an important regulatory role in many biological processes, including signal transduction, protein translation, and immune response. Abnormal protein glycosylation is also associated with numerous diseases, suggesting that glycoproteins may offer an array of useful disease biomarkers. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an important analytical tool in glycoproteomics. However, the low abundance and weak ionization efficiency of glycopeptides have hindered direct mass spectrometric analyses, which remain considerably challenging. Glycoprotein and glycopeptide enrichment from complex biological samples is an important step in glycoproteomics. Diverse methods have recently been developed for specific glycoprotein and glycopeptide enrichment, including hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), lectin affinity chromatography, boronate affinity chromatography, and hydrazide functional affinity chromatography. A variety of enrichment materials designed for the above strategies have been developed to meet the requirement of enriching low abundance glycoproteins and glycopeptides in complex samples. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) is an efficient sample pretreatment technology that offers advantages of simple operation, low cost, and high extraction efficiency. Functionalized magnetic nanomaterials have been widely used as adsorbents in glycoproteome studies. Since magnetic adsorbent is a key factor in MSPE, in this review, the preparation of magnetic nanomaterials functionalized with sugars, ionic liquids, lectins, boronate affinity ligands, metal organic frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks, and their applications in glycoprotein and glycopeptide enrichment are summarized. These functional magnetic nanomaterials possess high specific surface area and a large number of active adsorption sites, allowing different enrichment mechanisms, including HILIC, lectin affinity chromatography, and boronate and hydrazide functional affinity chromatography. These functional magnetic nanomaterials are mainly used to enrich glycoproteins and glycopeptides in serum, plasma, cells, tissues, saliva and other biological samples. Nearly 90 papers published in the last decade from the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Chinese core journals have been cited in this paper. Finally, the development and prospects of magnetic nanomaterials in glycoprotein and glycopeptide enrichment are also discussed.
蛋白质糖基化是最常见且重要的翻译后修饰之一，在许多生物学过程中发挥着重要的调节作用，包括信号转导、蛋白质翻译和免疫反应。蛋白质糖基化异常也与众多疾病相关，这表明糖蛋白可能提供一系列有用的疾病生物标志物。质谱（MS）已成为糖蛋白质组学中的重要分析工具。然而，糖肽的低丰度和弱电离效率阻碍了直接质谱分析，这仍然具有相当大的挑战性。从复杂生物样品中富集糖蛋白和糖肽是糖蛋白质组学中的重要一步。最近已开发出多种用于特异性富集糖蛋白和糖肽的方法，包括亲水相互作用液相色谱（HILIC）、凝集素亲和色谱、硼酸酯亲和色谱和酰肼功能亲和色谱。为上述策略设计的各种富集材料已被开发出来，以满足在复杂样品中富集低丰度糖蛋白和糖肽的需求。磁性固相萃取（MSPE）是一种高效的样品预处理技术，具有操作简单、成本低和提取效率高的优点。功能化磁性纳米材料已被广泛用作糖蛋白质组学研究中的吸附剂。由于磁性吸附剂是MSPE中的关键因素，在本综述中，总结了用糖类、离子液体、凝集素、硼酸酯亲和配体、金属有机框架和共价有机框架功能化的磁性纳米材料的制备及其在糖蛋白和糖肽富集中的应用。这些功能化磁性纳米材料具有高比表面积和大量活性吸附位点，允许不同的富集机制，包括HILIC、凝集素亲和色谱以及硼酸酯和酰肼功能亲和色谱。这些功能化磁性纳米材料主要用于富集血清、血浆、细胞、组织、唾液和其他生物样品中的糖蛋白和糖肽。本文引用了过去十年发表在科学引文索引（SCI）和中文核心期刊上近九十篇论文。最后，还讨论了磁性纳米材料在糖蛋白和糖肽富集中的发展及前景。
