biomineralization and osteogenesis of stem extracts: An osteogenic regulator for bone tissue engineering.

Contemporary demand calls for a high restorative index as an indispensable requirement for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, where therapeutic agents of natural origin function as a modulator for new bone formation become of utmost importance. The study presents a systematic investigation of the edible stem part of (CQ) as a natural resource of bioactive metabolites capable of invoking early biomineralization and osteogenesis . Phytochemical screening of CQ stem extracts (sequential solvent extraction: polarity hexane<chloroform<ethyl acetate<methanol<water) was performed by qualitative and quantitative assays, which are substantiated by UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopic analyses. Cytocompatibility and proliferation index of the extracts and their effect on cellular architecture were investigated by MTT assay (different time points) and F-actin/DAPI staining, respectively, in Human Osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. MTT results exemplified profound cell proliferation index for hexane (HE) and aqueous (WE) extracts (24 and 48 h), while Alizarin Red S and von-Kossa staining validated early biomineralization (day 7). The activity of the early bone marker, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), on day 7 authenticates the effective osteogenic potential of HE and WE compared to other extracts, configuring abundance of bone regenerative phytochemicals in HE and WE and present ample opportunities for customized bone tissue engineering.