Durland Evan, De Wit Pierre, Meyer Eli, Langdon Chris
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Hatfield Marine Science Center Oregon State University Newport OR USA.
Department of Marine Sciences Tjärnö Marine Laboratory University of Gothenburg Strömstad Sweden.
Evol Appl. 2021 Aug 26;14(9):2258-2272. doi: 10.1111/eva.13289. eCollection 2021 Sep.
The adaptive capacity of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification (OA) is a topic of great interest to evolutionary biologists and ecologists. Previous studies have provided evidence to suggest that larval resilience to high CO seawater for these species is a trait with a genetic basis and variability in natural populations. To date, however, it remains unclear how the selective effects of OA occur within the context of complex genetic interactions underpinning larval development in many of the most vulnerable taxa. Here we evaluated phenotypic and genetic changes during larval development of Pacific oysters () reared in ambient (400 µatm) and high (1600 µatm) CO conditions, both in domesticated and naturalized "wild" oysters from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Using pooled DNA samples, we determined changes in allele frequencies across larval development, from early "D-stage" larvae to metamorphosed juveniles (spat), in both groups and environments. Domesticated larvae had ~26% fewer loci with changing allele frequencies across developmental stages and <50% as many loci affected by acidified culture conditions, compared to larvae from wild broodstock. Functional enrichment analyses of genetic markers with significant changes in allele frequency revealed that the structure and function of cellular membranes were disproportionately affected by high CO conditions in both groups. These results indicate the potential for a rapid adaptive response of oyster populations to OA conditions; however, underlying genetic changes associated with larval development differ between these wild and domesticated oyster stocks and influence their adaptive responses to OA conditions.
海洋钙化生物对海洋酸化（OA）的适应能力是进化生物学家和生态学家非常感兴趣的话题。先前的研究已提供证据表明，这些物种的幼虫对高二氧化碳海水的恢复力是一种具有遗传基础且在自然种群中存在变异性的性状。然而，迄今为止，在许多最脆弱分类群中，在支持幼虫发育的复杂遗传相互作用背景下，海洋酸化的选择效应是如何发生的仍不清楚。在此，我们评估了在美国太平洋西北部驯化和归化的“野生”牡蛎中，在环境（约400微大气压）和高（约1600微大气压）二氧化碳条件下饲养的太平洋牡蛎幼虫发育过程中的表型和遗传变化。我们使用混合DNA样本，确定了两组和两种环境中从早期“D期”幼虫到变态后的幼体（稚贝）整个幼虫发育过程中等位基因频率的变化。与来自野生亲体的幼虫相比，驯化幼虫在发育阶段等位基因频率发生变化的基因座少约26%，受酸化培养条件影响的基因座数量不到其一半。对等位基因频率有显著变化的遗传标记进行功能富集分析表明，两组中细胞膜的结构和功能都受到高二氧化碳条件的不成比例影响。这些结果表明牡蛎种群对海洋酸化条件有快速适应性反应的潜力；然而，这些野生和驯化牡蛎种群之间与幼虫发育相关的潜在遗传变化不同，并影响它们对海洋酸化条件的适应性反应。
