University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Theor Popul Biol. 2021 Dec;142:100-113. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2021.09.006. Epub 2021 Oct 12.
Paternal care is unusual among primates; in most species males compete with one another for the acquisition of mates and leave the raising of offspring to the mothers. Callitrichids defy this trend with both fathers and older siblings contributing to the care of offspring. We extend a two-strategy population model (paternal care versus male-male competition) to account for various mechanisms that could possibly explain why male callitrichids invest in paternal care over male-male competition, and compare results from callitrichid, chimpanzee and hunter-gatherer life history parameters. The survival benefit to offspring due to care is an insufficient explanation of callitrichid paternal care, and the additional inclusion of differences in lactation-related biology similarly do not change that picture. Instead, paternal care may arise in parallel with, or even as a result of, mate guarding, which in turn is only beneficial when partners are scarce as modelled by the birth sex ratio in callitrichids and menopause in hunter-gatherers. In that situation, care need not even provide any benefit to the young (in the form of a survival bonus) for guarding to out-compete multiple mating competition.
雄性亲代照顾在灵长类动物中较为罕见；在大多数物种中，雄性之间会为争夺配偶而相互竞争，然后将养育后代的任务留给雌性。然而，卷尾猴科动物却打破了这一趋势，其雄性亲代和年长的兄弟姐妹都会参与照顾后代。我们扩展了一个双策略种群模型（雄性亲代照顾与雄性间竞争），以解释可能导致雄性卷尾猴科动物选择雄性亲代照顾而不是雄性间竞争的各种机制，并比较了卷尾猴科动物、黑猩猩和狩猎采集者的生活史参数。由于照顾而对后代产生的生存益处，不足以解释雄性卷尾猴科动物的亲代照顾，而额外纳入与哺乳期生物学相关的差异也不会改变这种情况。相反，雄性亲代照顾可能与伴侣保护同时出现，甚至是伴侣保护的结果，而伴侣保护只有在像卷尾猴科动物的出生性别比和狩猎采集者的绝经期所建模的那样，伴侣稀缺时才是有益的。在这种情况下，即使照顾不会为幼崽提供任何生存益处（例如生存奖金），伴侣保护也可以胜过多次交配竞争。
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