Velasquez Anthony G, Gazzaley Adam, Toyoda Heishiro, Ziegler David A, Morsella Ezequiel
Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2021 Oct 21;12:759685. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759685. eCollection 2021.
Laboratory tasks (e.g., the flanker task) reveal that incidental stimuli (e.g., distractors) can reliably trigger involuntary conscious imagery. Can such involuntary effects, involving competing representations, arise during dual-task conditions? Another concern about these laboratory tasks is whether such effects arise in highly ecologically-valid conditions. For example, do these effects arise from tasks involving dynamic stimuli (e.g., simulations of semi-automated driving experiences)? The data from our experiment suggest that the answer to our two questions is yes. Subjects were presented with video footage of the kinds of events that one would observe if one were seated in the driver's seat of a semi-automated vehicle. Before being presented with this video footage, subjects had been trained to respond to street signs according to laboratory techniques that cause stimulus-elicited involuntary imagery. After training, in the Respond condition, subjects responded to the signs; in the Suppress condition, subjects were instructed to not respond to the signs in the video footage. Subjects in the Suppress condition reported involuntary imagery on a substantive proportion of the trials. Such involuntary effects arose even under dual-task conditions (while performing the -back task or psychomotor vigilance task). The present laboratory task has implications for semi-automated driving, because the safe interaction between driver and vehicle requires that the communicative signals from vehicle to driver be effective at activating the appropriate cognitions and behavioral inclinations. In addition, our data from the dual-task conditions provide constraints for theoretical models of cognitive resources.
实验室任务（如侧翼任务）表明，偶然刺激（如干扰项）能够可靠地引发非自愿的有意识意象。在双重任务条件下，是否会出现涉及相互竞争表征的这种非自愿效应呢？对这些实验室任务的另一个担忧是，这种效应是否会在高度生态有效的条件下出现。例如，这些效应是否会出现在涉及动态刺激的任务中（如半自动驾驶体验模拟）？我们实验的数据表明，这两个问题的答案都是肯定的。向受试者展示了如果坐在半自动车辆驾驶座上可能会观察到的各类事件的视频片段。在展示这段视频片段之前，受试者已按照会引发刺激诱发非自愿意象的实验室技术接受了对路牌做出反应的训练。训练后，在“反应”条件下，受试者对路牌做出反应；在“抑制”条件下，受试者被指示不对视频片段中的路牌做出反应。处于“抑制”条件下的受试者在相当比例的试验中报告了非自愿意象。即使在双重任务条件下（同时执行倒数任务或心理运动警觉任务）也会出现这种非自愿效应。当前的实验室任务对半自动驾驶具有启示意义，因为驾驶员与车辆之间的安全交互要求从车辆到驾驶员的通信信号能够有效地激活适当的认知和行为倾向。此外，我们在双重任务条件下的数据为认知资源的理论模型提供了限制条件。
