-A Threat to Rice Production: Review Update on Distribution, Biology, Identification, and Management.

Rice ( L.) is one of the main cultivated crops worldwide and represents a staple food for more than half of the world population. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), spp., and particularly , are serious pests of rice, being, probably, the most economically important plant-parasitic nematode in this crop. is an obligate sedentary endoparasite adapted to flooded conditions. Until recently, was present mainly in irrigated rice fields in Asia, parts of the Americas, and South Africa. However, in July 2016, it was found in northern Italy in the Piedmont region and in May 2018 in the Lombardy region in the province of Pavia. Following the first detection in the EPPO region, this pest was included in the EPPO Alert List as its wide host range and ability to survive during long periods in environments with low oxygen content, represent a threat for rice production in the European Union. Considering the impact of this nematode on agriculture, a literature review focusing on distribution, biology, identification, and management was conducted.