Thomas Garrett A, Riegler Kaitlin E, Guty Erin T, Arnett Peter A
Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Nov;28(10):1064-1074. doi: 10.1017/S135561772100134X. Epub 2021 Dec 13.
The current study explored how affective disturbances, particularly concomitant anxiety and depressive symptoms, impact baseline symptom self-reporting on the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale (PCSS) in college athletes.
Athletes were separated into four groups (Healthy Control (HC) ( = 581), Depression Only ( = 136), Anxiety Only ( = 54), Concomitant Depression/Anxiety ( = 62)) based on their anxiety and depression scores. Groups were compared on Total PCSS Score as well as 5 PCSS Symptom Cluster scores (Cognitive, Physical, Affective, Sleep, and Headache).
The three affective groups reported significantly greater symptomatology than HCs, with the Concomitant group showing the highest symptomatology scores across all clusters. The depressive symptoms only group also reported significantly elevated symptomatology, compared to HCs, on every symptom cluster except headache. The anxiety symptoms only group differed from HCs on only the cognitive symptoms cluster. Additionally, the Concomitant group reported significantly increased PCSS symptomatology, in terms of total scores and all 5 symptom clusters, compared to the depressive symptoms only and anxiety symptoms only groups.
Our findings suggest that athletes experiencing concomitant depressive/anxiety symptoms report significantly greater levels of symptomatology across all 5 PCSS symptom clusters compared to HCs. Further, results suggest that athletes experiencing concomitant affective disturbance tend to report greater symptomatology than those with only one affective disturbance. These findings are important because, despite the absence of concussion, the concomitant group demonstrated significantly elevated symptomatology at baseline. Thus, future comparisons with post-concussion data should account for this increased symptomatology, as test results may be skewed by affective disturbances at baseline.
本研究探讨了情感障碍，特别是伴随的焦虑和抑郁症状，如何影响大学生运动员在脑震荡后症状量表（PCSS）上的基线症状自我报告。
根据运动员的焦虑和抑郁得分，将他们分为四组（健康对照组（HC）（n = 581）、仅患有抑郁症组（n = 136）、仅患有焦虑症组（n = 54）、同时患有抑郁症/焦虑症组（n = 62））。比较各组的PCSS总分以及5个PCSS症状簇得分（认知、身体、情感、睡眠和头痛）。
三个情感障碍组报告的症状明显多于健康对照组，同时患有抑郁症/焦虑症组在所有症状簇中的症状得分最高。仅患有抑郁症状组与健康对照组相比，除头痛外的每个症状簇的症状也明显升高。仅患有焦虑症状组与健康对照组仅在认知症状簇上存在差异。此外，与仅患有抑郁症状组和仅患有焦虑症状组相比，同时患有抑郁症/焦虑症组在总分和所有5个症状簇方面的PCSS症状明显增加。
我们的研究结果表明，与健康对照组相比，同时患有抑郁/焦虑症状的运动员在所有5个PCSS症状簇中报告的症状水平明显更高。此外，结果表明，同时患有情感障碍的运动员往往比仅患有一种情感障碍的运动员报告更多的症状。这些发现很重要，因为尽管没有脑震荡，但同时患有抑郁症/焦虑症组在基线时的症状明显升高。因此，未来与脑震荡后数据的比较应考虑到这种增加的症状，因为测试结果可能会因基线时的情感障碍而产生偏差。
