Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
Department of Urology, Jiangxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
Front Public Health. 2021 Dec 23;9:758074. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.758074. eCollection 2021.
Toxic elements, such as aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), are persistent environmental pollutants that can cause adverse effects on the health of exposed individuals. Bone is one of the primary target organs of accumulation and potential damage from toxic elements. This study was performed to determine the Al, As, Cd, and Pb concentrations in the femoral cancellous bone, femoral cartilage, anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus, tibial cartilage, tibial cancellous bone and infrapatellar fat pad. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to explore the relationships between toxic element concentrations and related factors such as gender, age, place of residence, hypertension and diabetes, and to determine the correlations among these toxic elements in knee joint structures. The samples used this study were collected from 51 patients following total knee arthroplasty. The Al, As, Cd, and Pb concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry. Significant differences were found in the Al, As, Cd, and Pb concentrations among the knee joint structures. Cd concentration in the tibial cancellous bone in women was significantly higher than in men. Pb concentration in the infrapatellar fat pad of urban patients was significantly higher as compared to rural patients. Al concentrations in the femoral cancellous bone, femoral cartilage, anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus and tibial cartilage were significantly higher in patients living in urban areas than in rural areas. As concentration in the tibial cancellous bone of diabetic patients was significantly higher compared to non-diabetic patients. In addition, significant Spearman's positive correlations were found between Al and Pb in the knee joint structures. The obtained results of the investigated toxic elements may serve as a basis for establishing the reference values of Al, As, Cd, and Pb in the knee joint structures. The results reported in the study provides novel data regarding the relationships between the toxic element concentrations and gender, age, place of residence, hypertension and diabetes in the studied structures of knee joint. Furthermore, new interactions among these toxic elements were noted.
有毒元素，如铝 (Al)、砷 (As)、镉 (Cd) 和铅 (Pb)，是持久性的环境污染物，会对暴露个体的健康造成不良影响。骨骼是有毒元素蓄积和潜在损伤的主要靶器官之一。本研究旨在测定股骨松质骨、股骨软骨、前交叉韧带、半月板、胫骨软骨、胫骨松质骨和髌下脂肪垫中的 Al、As、Cd 和 Pb 浓度。此外，本研究旨在探讨有毒元素浓度与性别、年龄、居住地、高血压和糖尿病等相关因素之间的关系，并确定膝关节结构中这些有毒元素之间的相关性。本研究使用的样本来自 51 例全膝关节置换术后患者。采用电感耦合等离子体光学发射光谱法测定 Al、As、Cd 和 Pb 浓度。结果显示，膝关节结构中 Al、As、Cd 和 Pb 浓度存在显著差异。女性胫骨松质骨中的 Cd 浓度显著高于男性。城市患者髌下脂肪垫中的 Pb 浓度显著高于农村患者。城市患者股骨松质骨、股骨软骨、前交叉韧带、半月板和胫骨软骨中的 Al 浓度显著高于农村患者。糖尿病患者胫骨松质骨中的 As 浓度显著高于非糖尿病患者。此外，膝关节结构中 Al 和 Pb 之间存在显著的 Spearman 正相关关系。本研究获得的有毒元素结果可为建立膝关节结构中 Al、As、Cd 和 Pb 的参考值提供依据。该研究结果提供了关于有毒元素浓度与性别、年龄、居住地、高血压和糖尿病在膝关节研究结构中的关系的新数据。此外，还注意到这些有毒元素之间存在新的相互作用。
