Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme (IDP) in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
Environ Pollut. 2022 Apr 1;298:118797. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118797. Epub 2022 Jan 8.
Several recent studies have looked into the differences in air qualities inside popular commute modes. The impact of daily commuting patterns and work-related trips on inhalation doses, however, are not investigated. The purpose of this study is to quantify the variation in air pollutants within popular commute modes in Mumbai, India, and to estimate the variation in exposure as a result of occupational or work-related trips across different sub-groups. Real-time pollutants, both gaseous and particulate matters (PM), were measured on a pre-defined route during rush and non-rush hours on buses, cars, auto-rickshaws, sub-urban trains, and motorbikes through several trips (N = 98). Household surveys were conducted to estimate the exposures of different occupational subgroups (cab-driver, auto-rickshaw drivers, delivery persons) and people commuting to their offices daily. Participants (N = 800) from various socioeconomic backgrounds in the city were asked about their job categories, work-activity patterns, and work-related commute trips. Mass concentrations of particles in different size ranges (PM, PM, and PM) were substantially higher (p < 0.05) inside auto-rickshaws (44.6 μg/m, 84.7 μg/m, and 138.3 μg/m) compared to other modes. Inside cars, gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Although both gaseous and particulate concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) inside buses, bus-commuters were found to be highly exposed to the pollutants due to the extended trip time (∼1.2 times longer than other modes) and driving conditions. Office commuters inhale a large fraction of their daily doses (25-30%) during their work-related travel. Occupational sub-groups, on the other hand, inhale ∼90% of the pollutants during their work. In a day, an auto-rickshaw driver inhales 10-15% more (p < 0.05) pollutants than cab driver or delivery personnel. Therefore, this study highlights the inequalities in occupational exposure as a combined effect of in-cabin air qualities and commute patterns due to occupational obligations.
几项最近的研究调查了在受欢迎的通勤方式中空气质量的差异。然而，日常通勤模式和与工作相关的旅行对吸入剂量的影响尚未得到研究。本研究的目的是量化印度孟买流行通勤方式内的空气污染物变化，并估计由于职业或与工作相关的旅行而导致不同亚组之间暴露的变化。在高峰和非高峰时段，通过几次旅行（N=98），在公共汽车、汽车、人力车、郊区火车和摩托车上，沿预先定义的路线实时测量气态和颗粒物（PM）等实时污染物。进行家庭调查以估计不同职业亚组（出租车司机、人力车司机、送货员）和每天通勤到办公室的人员的暴露情况。来自该市不同社会经济背景的参与者（N=800）被问及他们的工作类别、工作活动模式和与工作相关的通勤旅行。不同粒径范围（PM、PM 和 PM）的颗粒物质量浓度明显较高（p<0.05），人力车（44.6μg/m、84.7μg/m 和 138.3μg/m）高于其他模式。在汽车内，一氧化碳（CO）和总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）等气态污染物的浓度明显较高（p<0.05）。尽管公交车内的气态和颗粒物浓度较低（p<0.05），但由于行程时间延长（比其他模式长约 1.2 倍）和驾驶条件，公交车通勤者暴露于污染物的程度较高。上班族在与工作相关的旅行中吸入了他们日常剂量的很大一部分（25-30%）。另一方面，职业亚组在工作期间吸入了约 90%的污染物。一天中，人力车司机吸入的污染物比出租车司机或送货人员多 10-15%（p<0.05）。因此，本研究强调了由于职业义务导致的舱内空气质量和通勤模式的综合影响下职业暴露的不平等。
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