Achilles Tendinopathy and Associated Disorders.

Degenerative disorders of the Achilles tendon are common, affecting up to 18% of the adult population. A thorough evaluation including a focused history, physical examination, and diagnostic studies helps in choosing the appropriate treatment. Initial treatment is usually nonoperative, consisting of activity modification, bracing, and physical therapy. Patents who fail nonoperative management may be treated operatively with a wide range of procedures from endoscopic surgery to open debridement and tendon transfer. Understanding a patient's expectations and educating patients about potential treatments and their outcomes enables informed collaborative decision making. This article will review the evaluation and management Achilles tendinopathy and associated disorders.