青少年性别多样性：普通人群中的社会人口统计学相关性和心理健康结果。

Adolescent gender diversity: sociodemographic correlates and mental health outcomes in the general population.

机构信息

Departments of Pediatrics, Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

出版信息

J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022 Nov;63(11):1415-1422. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13588. Epub 2022 Feb 11.

DOI:10.1111/jcpp.13588

PMID:35147218

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Gender diversity in young adolescents is understudied outside of referral clinics. We investigated gender diversity in an urban, ethnically diverse sample of adolescents from the general population and examined predictors and associated mental health outcomes.

METHODS

The study was embedded in Generation R, a population-based cohort of children born between 2002 and 2006 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (n = 5727). At ages 9-11 and 13-15 years, adolescents and/or their parents responded to two questions addressing children's contentedness with their assigned gender, whether they (a) 'wished to be the opposite sex' and (b) 'would rather be treated as someone from the opposite sex'. We defined 'gender-variant experience' when either the parent or child responded with 'somewhat or sometimes true' or 'very or often true'. Mental health was assessed at 13-15 years, using the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment.

RESULTS

Less than 1% of the parents reported that their child had gender-variant experience, with poor stability between 9-11 and 13-15 years. In contrast, 4% of children reported gender-variant experience at 13-15 years. Adolescents who were assigned female at birth reported more gender-variant experience than those assigned male. Parents with low/medium educational levels reported more gender-variant experience in their children than those with higher education. There were positive associations between gender-variant experience and symptoms of anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, rule-breaking, and aggressive behavior as well as attention, social, and thought problems. Similar associations were observed for autistic traits, independent of other mental difficulties. These associations did not differ by assigned sex at birth.

CONCLUSIONS

Within this population-based study, adolescents assigned females were more likely to have gender-variant experience than males. Our data suggest that parents may not be aware of gender diversity feelings in their adolescents. Associations between gender diversity and mental health symptoms were present in adolescents.

摘要

背景

除了转介诊所之外，青少年的性别多样性在年轻青少年中研究得还不够。我们调查了来自普通人群的城市、种族多样化的青少年群体中的性别多样性，并研究了预测因素和相关的心理健康结果。

方法

该研究嵌入在 Generation R 中，这是一个基于人群的队列研究，研究对象是 2002 年至 2006 年间在荷兰鹿特丹出生的儿童（n=5727）。在 9-11 岁和 13-15 岁时，青少年及其父母回答了两个问题，这些问题涉及孩子对其分配性别的满足感，他们是否（a）“希望成为异性”和（b）“希望被视为异性”。当父母或孩子回答“有些时候是真的”或“经常是真的”时，我们将“性别变异体验”定义为“性别变异体验”。心理健康在 13-15 岁时使用基于经验的评估系统进行评估。

结果

不到 1%的父母报告说他们的孩子有性别变异体验，9-11 岁和 13-15 岁之间的稳定性较差。相比之下，4%的孩子在 13-15 岁时报告了性别变异体验。出生时被分配为女性的青少年比出生时被分配为男性的青少年报告了更多的性别变异体验。父母的受教育程度较低/中等，他们的孩子报告的性别变异体验比那些受教育程度较高的父母要多。性别变异体验与焦虑、抑郁、躯体抱怨、违规和攻击行为以及注意力、社交和思维问题的症状之间存在正相关。在考虑到其他精神困难的情况下，也观察到了与自闭症特征的类似关联。这些关联不因出生时的性别分配而不同。