Prognosis and Management in Subsequent Rh Alloimmunized Pregnancies.

RhD alloimmunization remains a severe problem worldwide, but its management has been revolutionized by two important discoveries: the possibility to establish fetal Rh genotype non-invasively by using a maternal blood sample, and using of Doppler velocimetry to monitor early signs of affected fetuses. We performed a literature review by searching PubMed for relevant information about diagnosis, prognosis, and management of secondary affected Rh alloimmunized pregnancies. The risk to develop fetal anemia and hydrops seems to increase with increasing concentrations of Rh antibodies, and studies show it is higher for subsequent pregnancies. Individuals presenting the DEL phenotype with the types 1, 2 or 3 can be considered RhD positive and anti-D immune globulin is not indicated. Medical algorithm involves previous pregnancy history together with serum parameters. Follow-up in a department of maternal fetal medicine is desired and encouraged in these cases. Depending on the severity and woman's previous pregnancy history, especially condition prior to 24 weeks of gestation, several therapies such as plasmaphereses, intravenous immune globulin or intrauterine transfusions can be conducted. Intrauterine transfusions have a better prognosis when performed earlier and on fetuses without hydrops. Although the incidence of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn has decreased and is no longer a major cause of perinatal mortality, vigilance is still required. There is a strong argument for reunite the management of these cases in dedicated maternal fetal medicine centers that perform invasive procedures in order to improve knowledge, gain skills and enhance clinical management.