Efficacy of the Virtual Reality Intervention on Alcohol Refusal Self-Efficacy: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

It is currently unknown whether a virtual social environment can support young people in building their skills to overcome peer pressure when offered alcohol. This study evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed virtual reality simulation game on the refusal self-efficacy regarding social pressures to drink of Danish male and female students aged 15-18. features a party setting where adolescents can "steer" their own party experience. Eleven schools were included in a cluster-randomized controlled trial and allocated to either the intervention ( = 181) or the active control group ( = 191). Students in intervention schools played , while those in the control group played the VR game . The primary outcome measure was the social pressure subscale of the drinking refusal self-efficacy scale (DRSEQ-RA). The intervention effects were measured immediately after the intervention/control session (T1) and after a 6-week follow-up (T2). Data were examined using linear mixed regression models. Our study did not demonstrate a significant effect of drinking refusal self-efficacy at T1. For all secondary outcomes, we observed no substantial differences between the intervention and control groups. This study provides new insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of an innovative virtual reality alcohol prevention tool. can be an innovative and promising contribution to complement existing school-based alcohol prevention, but more research is needed to improve its effectiveness.