Angnunavuri Prosper Naah, Attiogbe Francis, Dansie Andrew, Mensah Bismark
School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.
School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Aug 1;832:155073. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155073. Epub 2022 Apr 7.
Plastic packaged water is the drinking water of choice for urban populations across Africa but its quality remains questionable in most developing countries. Six hundred (600) packages, consisting of sachet and bottled water, were sampled from two high-end companies in Accra (Ghana) and stored through their shelf lives under an average room temperature of 30 °C. The samples were tested for physicochemical quality and the presence of bacteria and phthalate esters at 2 × 3 periods, where n is the sampled batch number. The data were described and modelled with embedded Bayesian and Machine Learning algorithms in JASP0.16.0.0 and Argo-4.1.3. The results reported lower than regulated levels of electrical conductivity (163.66 μS/cm), alkalinity (39.67 mg/L), and residual chlorine (<0.01 mg/L) while the pH was generally within specification (6.5-7.7). All samples showed progressive biological contamination following the third week (sachet samples) and the sixth week (bottled water) of incubation. Initial samples, including raw water, processed bulk water and packaged water did not present detectable microbial growth. The total microbial load in sachet samples grew at 0.936 cfu/week and 1.006 cfu/week for the bottled samples although the results did not exceed 1000 cfu/L (0-976 cfu/100 mL). Modelled mean probability of infection was 1.196 × 10 in 67% of the samples. Raw and processed water samples did not show detectable levels of phthalate contaminants. The mean hazard index calculated on the individual hazard quotients of phthalates was 7.41 × 10 ± 8.20 × 10, suggesting lower acute risk potential. Mean integrated lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was determined to be 1.53 × 10 ± 1.71 × 10 within a range of 2.86 × 10 and 7.18 × 10. Mean child ILCR was about 70% of adult ILCR and increased from 4.16 × 10 to 2.41 × 10 for sachet and 4.93 × 10 to 7.18 × 10 for bottled water. For adult ILCR, sachet water presented 2.86 × 10 to 1.65 × 10, and 3.38 × 10 to 4.93 × 10 for bottled water. This study confirmed the presence of phthalates and pathogenic bacteria in the samples, at-risk levels that require mitigation.
塑料包装水是非洲城市人口的饮用水首选,但在大多数发展中国家,其质量仍存在疑问。从加纳阿克拉的两家高端公司抽取了600份包装水样本,包括袋装水和瓶装水,并在平均室温30°C下储存至保质期结束。在2×3个时间段对样本进行了理化质量、细菌和邻苯二甲酸酯类物质检测,其中n为抽样批次号。使用JASP0.16.0.0和Argo-4.1.3中的嵌入式贝叶斯和机器学习算法对数据进行描述和建模。结果显示,电导率(163.66μS/cm)、碱度(39.67mg/L)和余氯(<0.01mg/L)低于规定水平,而pH值总体在规格范围内(6.5-7.7)。所有样本在培养第三周(袋装水样本)和第六周(瓶装水样本)后均出现渐进性生物污染。初始样本,包括原水、处理后的大包装水和包装水,未检测到微生物生长。袋装水样本的总微生物负荷每周增长0.936 cfu/周,瓶装水样本为1.006 cfu/周,尽管结果未超过1000 cfu/L(0-976 cfu/100 mL)。67%的样本中建模的平均感染概率为1.196×10。原水和处理后的水样本未检测到邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物。根据邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的个体危害商计算得出的平均危害指数为7.41×10±8.20×10,表明急性风险潜力较低。确定的平均终身癌症风险(ILCR)在2.86×10至7.18×10范围内为1.53×10±1.71×10。儿童平均ILCR约为成人ILCR的70%,袋装水从4.16×10增加到2.41×10,瓶装水从4.93×10增加到7.18×10。对于成人ILCR,袋装水为2.86×10至1.65×10,瓶装水为3.38×10至4.93×10。这项研究证实了样本中存在邻苯二甲酸酯类物质和致病细菌,这些风险水平需要降低。