Scanes Colin G, Witt Johannes, Ebeling Markus, Schaller Stephan, Baier Vanessa, Bone Audrey J, Preuss Thomas G, Heckmann David
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
Department of Biological Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
Front Physiol. 2022 Apr 5;13:858386. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.858386. eCollection 2022.
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models facilitate chemical risk assessment by predicting exposure while reducing the need for animal testing. PBK models for mammals have seen significant progress, which has yet to be achieved for avian systems. Here, we quantitatively compare physiological, metabolic and anatomical characteristics between birds and mammals, with the aim of facilitating bird PBK model development. For some characteristics, there is considerable complementarity between avian and mammalian species with identical values for the following: blood hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentrations per unit erythrocyte volume together with relative weights of the liver, heart, and lungs. There are also systematic differences for some major characteristics between avian and mammalian species including erythrocyte volume, plasma concentrations of albumin, total protein and triglyceride together with liver cell size and relative weights of the kidney, spleen, and ovary. There are also major differences between characteristics between sexually mature and sexually immature female birds. For example, the relative weights of the ovary and oviduct are greater in sexually mature females compared to immature birds as are the plasma concentrations of triglyceride and vitellogenin. Both these sets of differences reflect the genetic "blue print" inherited from ancestral archosaurs such as the production of large eggs with yolk filled oocytes surrounded by egg white proteins, membranes and a calciferous shell together with adaptions for flight in birds or ancestrally in flightless birds.
基于生理学的动力学（PBK）模型通过预测暴露情况来促进化学风险评估，同时减少动物试验的需求。哺乳动物的PBK模型已取得显著进展，但鸟类系统尚未实现这一点。在此，我们定量比较鸟类和哺乳动物之间的生理、代谢和解剖特征，旨在促进鸟类PBK模型的开发。对于某些特征，鸟类和哺乳动物物种之间存在相当大的互补性，以下方面具有相同的值：血液血红蛋白和单位红细胞体积的血红蛋白浓度，以及肝脏、心脏和肺的相对重量。鸟类和哺乳动物物种之间在一些主要特征上也存在系统性差异，包括红细胞体积、血浆白蛋白、总蛋白和甘油三酯浓度，以及肝细胞大小和肾脏、脾脏和卵巢的相对重量。性成熟和性未成熟雌性鸟类之间的特征也存在主要差异。例如，与未成熟鸟类相比，性成熟雌性鸟类的卵巢和输卵管相对重量更大，甘油三酯和卵黄蛋白原的血浆浓度也更高。这两组差异都反映了从祖先恐龙继承的遗传“蓝图”，比如产生带有充满卵黄的卵母细胞、被蛋清蛋白、膜和钙质壳包围的大卵，以及鸟类或祖先不会飞的鸟类对飞行的适应。
