Modification of ultrafiltration membrane with antibacterial agent intercalated layered nanosheets: Toward superior antibiofouling performance for water treatment.

Membrane fouling, especially biofouling induced by biofilm formation on membranes, can result in frequent cleaning or even replacement of membranes. Fabrication of membrane with excellent antibiofouling property is quite attractive due to its effectiveness and low-impact on the operation of membrane-based process. Herein, a cationic antibacterial agent, quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), was intercalated into the interlayer spaces of the MgAl layered double hydroxide (QAC/LDH) by self-assembly. The QAC/LDH composite was incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (PES-QLDH). The QAC/LDH enhanced the hydrophilicity, water flux, and resistance to organic fouling for the PES-QLDH membrane. The PES-QLDH membrane exhibited superior antibiofouling performance than the control PES membrane, with deposition of a thinner biofilm layer consisted of almost dead cells. The superior antibacterial activity inhibits the adhesion and growth of bacteria on the membrane surface, effectively retarding the formation of biofilms. Importantly, the synergistic effect of QAC and LDH in the PES-QLDH membrane resulted in a high biocidal activity based on both direct and indirect killing mechanisms. The PES-QLDH membrane maintained a stable and high antibacterial activity after several fouling-cleaning cycles. These results imply that the PES-QLDH membrane provides an effective and promising strategy for its long-term application in wastewater treatment.