Merae Alshahrani Mohammed
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Apr;29(4):2072-2084. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.017. Epub 2022 Jan 15.
Genitourinary cancers comprise of a heterogenous group of cancers of which renal cell carcinoma, urothelial bladder carcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma are the most commonly encountered subtypes. A lot of research is ongoing using various strategies for exploration of novel biomarkers for genitourinary cancers. These biomarkers would not reduce the need for invasive diagnostic techniques but also could be used for early and accurate diagnosis to improve the clinical management required for the disease. Moreover, selecting the appropriate treatment regimen for the responsive patients based on these biomarkers would reduce the treatment toxicity as well as cost. Biomarkers identified using various advanced techniques like next generation sequencing and proteomics, which have been classified as immunological biomarkers, tissue-specific biomarkers and liquid biomarkers. Immunological biomarkers include markers of immunological pathways such as CTLA4, PD-1/PDl-1, tissue biomarkers include tissue specific molecules such as PSA antigen and liquid biomarkers include biomarkers detectable in urine, circulating cells etc. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the most prevalent genitourinary malignancies, including bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers along with a major focus on the novel diagnostic biomarkers and the importance of targeting them prior to genitourinary cancers treatment. Understanding these biomarkers and their potential in diagnosis of genitourinary cancer would not help in early and accurate diagnosis as mentioned above but may also lead towards a personalized approach for better diagnosis, prognosis and specified treatment approach for an individual.
泌尿生殖系统癌症由一组异质性癌症组成，其中肾细胞癌、尿路上皮膀胱癌和前列腺腺癌是最常见的亚型。目前正在进行大量研究，采用各种策略探索泌尿生殖系统癌症的新型生物标志物。这些生物标志物不仅不会减少对侵入性诊断技术的需求，还可用于早期准确诊断，以改善该疾病所需的临床管理。此外，根据这些生物标志物为有反应的患者选择合适的治疗方案将降低治疗毒性以及成本。使用下一代测序和蛋白质组学等各种先进技术鉴定出的生物标志物，已被分类为免疫生物标志物、组织特异性生物标志物和液体生物标志物。免疫生物标志物包括免疫途径的标志物，如CTLA4、PD-1/PDl-1；组织生物标志物包括组织特异性分子，如PSA抗原；液体生物标志物包括可在尿液、循环细胞等中检测到的生物标志物。本综述的目的是简要介绍最常见的泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤，包括膀胱癌、肾癌和前列腺癌，主要关注新型诊断生物标志物以及在泌尿生殖系统癌症治疗前靶向这些标志物的重要性。了解这些生物标志物及其在泌尿生殖系统癌症诊断中的潜力，不仅有助于如上所述的早期准确诊断，还可能导向一种个性化方法，以实现更好的诊断、预后和针对个体的特定治疗方法。
