Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2022 Jul 1;133(1):75-86. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00178.2022. Epub 2022 May 19.
Glucose ingestion and absorption into the bloodstream can challenge glycemic regulation and vascular endothelial function. Muscular contractions in exercise promote a return to homeostasis by increasing glucose uptake and blood flow. Similarly, muscle hypoxia supports glycemic regulation by increasing glucose oxidation. Blood flow restriction (BFR) induces muscle hypoxia during occlusion and reactive hyperemia upon release. Thus, in the absence of exercise, electric muscle stimulation (EMS) and BFR may offer circulatory and glucoregulatory improvements. In 13 healthy, active participants (27 ± 3 yr, 7 females), we tracked post-glucose (oral 100 g) glycemic, cardiometabolic, and vascular function measures over 120 min following four interventions: ) BFR, ) EMS, ) BFR + EMS, or ) control. BFR was applied at 2-min intervals for 30 min (70% occlusion), and EMS was continuous for 30 min (maximum-tolerable intensity). Glycemic and insulinemic responses did not differ between interventions (partial η = 0.11-0.15, = 0.2), however, only BFR + EMS demonstrated cyclic effects on oxygen consumption, carbohydrate oxidation, muscle oxygenation, heart rate, and blood pressure (all < 0.01). Endothelial function was reduced 60 min post-glucose ingestion across interventions and recovered by 120 min (5.9 ± 2.6% vs 8.4 ± 2.7%; < 0.001). Estimated microvascular function was not meaningfully different. Leg blood flow increased during EMS and BFR + EMS (+656 ± 519 mL·min, +433 ± 510 mL·min; < 0.001); however, only remained elevated following BFR intervention 90 min post-glucose (+94 ± 94 mL·min; = 0.02). Superimposition of EMS onto cyclic BFR did not preferentially improve post-glucose metabolic or vascular function among young, active participants. Cyclic BFR increased blood flow delivery 60 min beyond intervention, and BFR + EMS selectively increased carbohydrate usage and reduced muscle oxygenation warranting future clinical assessments. Glucose ingestion challenges glycemic and vascular function. Exercise effectively counteracts these impairments, but is not always feasible. Blood flow restriction (BFR) and electric muscle stimulation (EMS) passively generate muscle hypoxia and contractions mimicking aspects of exercise. We tested BFR, EMS, and BFR + EMS in young, active participants post-glucose. No significant primary glycemic or vascular outcomes are observed. Cyclic BFR increased leg blood flow while BFR + EMS activated greater carbohydrate oxidation and lowered muscle oxygenation warranting future consideration.
葡萄糖摄入和吸收到血液中会挑战血糖调节和血管内皮功能。运动中的肌肉收缩通过增加葡萄糖摄取和血流来促进恢复到体内平衡。同样，肌肉缺氧通过增加葡萄糖氧化来支持血糖调节。血流限制（BFR）在闭塞期间引起肌肉缺氧，并在释放时引起反应性充血。因此，在没有运动的情况下，电肌肉刺激（EMS）和 BFR 可能会改善循环和血糖调节。在 13 名健康、活跃的参与者（27 ± 3 岁，7 名女性）中，我们在 120 分钟内跟踪了四种干预措施后的葡萄糖（口服 100 克）后的血糖、心脏代谢和血管功能测量：）BFR，）EMS，）BFR + EMS 或）对照。BFR 在 30 分钟内以 2 分钟的间隔应用（70%闭塞），EMS 连续应用 30 分钟（最大耐受强度）。血糖和胰岛素反应在干预之间没有差异（部分 η = 0.11-0.15， = 0.2），但是只有 BFR + EMS 显示出对耗氧量、碳水化合物氧化、肌肉氧合、心率和血压的周期性影响（均 < 0.01）。在干预期间，葡萄糖摄入后内皮功能降低 60 分钟，在 120 分钟时恢复（5.9 ± 2.6% vs 8.4 ± 2.7%； < 0.001）。估计的微血管功能没有明显差异。在 EMS 和 BFR + EMS 期间，腿部血流量增加（+656 ± 519 mL·min，+433 ± 510 mL·min； < 0.001）；然而，只有在 BFR 干预后 90 分钟血糖后仍保持升高（+94 ± 94 mL·min； = 0.02）。EMS 叠加在周期性 BFR 上并没有优先改善年轻、活跃参与者的葡萄糖后代谢或血管功能。周期性 BFR 在干预后 60 分钟增加了血流输送，而 BFR + EMS 选择性地增加了碳水化合物的利用并降低了肌肉氧合，这需要进一步的临床评估。葡萄糖摄入会挑战血糖和血管功能。运动可以有效地对抗这些损伤，但并非总是可行。血流限制（BFR）和电肌肉刺激（EMS）被动产生肌肉缺氧和收缩，模拟运动的某些方面。我们在年轻、活跃的参与者中测试了 BFR、EMS 和 BFR + EMS 在葡萄糖后的情况。没有观察到显著的主要血糖或血管结局。周期性 BFR 增加了腿部血流量，而 BFR + EMS 则激活了更多的碳水化合物氧化并降低了肌肉氧合，这值得进一步考虑。
