Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.
Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
J Med Food. 2022 Jun;25(6):660-674. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2022.K.0019. Epub 2022 May 26.
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndromes (MetS), such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, the consumption of alternative and functional fatty acids to replace saturated fatty acids and/or -fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids has become an important dietary strategy for the prevention of MetS. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (-3) reduces various physiological complications, including CVDs, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and insulin resistance, related to inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated the partial replacement effects of HFD with beef tallow (BT) on dyslipidemia and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in male mice. The animals were grouped to one of four dietary intervention groups ( = 16 per group): (1) normal diet, (2) HFD, (3) HFD partially replaced with regular beef tallow (HFD+BT1), or (4) HFD partially replaced with beef tallow containing a relatively reduced omega-6 fatty acid (-6)/-3 ratio (HFD+BT2) than HFD+BT1. After 6 weeks of dietary intervention, 1 mg/kg of phosphate-buffered saline or tunicamycin (TM) was injected intraperitoneally. HFD+BT2 significantly suppressed the serum total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels more than HFD and HFD+BT1, and triglyceride levels in the epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) were remarkably decreased. Mice that received HFD+BT2 had elevated protein expressions of phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). Moreover, HFD+BT2 effectively inhibited ER stress in the liver and EAT. Consistent with our hypothesis, HFD+BT2 remarkably alleviated dyslipidemia and TM-inducible ER stress, while activating p-AMPK.
高脂肪饮食（HFD）的摄入与代谢综合征（MetS）的风险增加密切相关，例如肥胖、2 型糖尿病和心血管疾病（CVDs）。因此，用替代和功能性脂肪酸代替饱和脂肪酸和/或多不饱和脂肪酸来代替 - 脂肪酸已成为预防 MetS 的重要饮食策略。ω-3 脂肪酸（-3）的消耗可减少各种与炎症反应有关的生理并发症，包括 CVDs、非酒精性脂肪肝和胰岛素抵抗。在这项研究中，我们研究了用牛脂（BT）部分替代 HFD 对雄性小鼠血脂异常和内质网（ER）应激的影响。将动物分为四组饮食干预组之一（每组 16 只）：（1）正常饮食，（2）HFD，（3）HFD 部分用普通牛脂替代（HFD+BT1），或（4）HFD 部分用牛脂替代（HFD+BT2）与 HFD+BT1 相比，-6/ -3 比值相对降低。在饮食干预 6 周后，向腹膜内注射 1mg/kg 的磷酸盐缓冲液或衣霉素（TM）。与 HFD 和 HFD+BT1 相比，HFD+BT2 显著降低了血清总胆固醇和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平，并且附睾脂肪组织（EAT）中的甘油三酯水平显着降低。接受 HFD+BT2 的小鼠磷酸化 AMP 激活的蛋白激酶（p-AMPK）的蛋白表达升高。此外，HFD+BT2 有效地抑制了肝脏和 EAT 中的 ER 应激。与我们的假设一致，HFD+BT2 显着缓解了血脂异常和 TM 诱导的 ER 应激，同时激活了 p-AMPK。
