Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 310, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
Promundo Portugal, Centro de Estudos Sociais/ Universidade de CoimbraColégio de S. Jerónimo, Largo D. Dinis, Apartado 3087, 3000-995, Coimbra, Portugal.
Reprod Health. 2022 Jun 6;19(1):131. doi: 10.1186/s12978-022-01437-3.
BACKGROUND: In the global debate around transactional sex little attention has concentrated on Brazil, despite ranking fourth globally in absolute number of girls married or co-habiting by the age of 15 years, and evidence showing that these unions often begin as age-disparate transactional sex (ADTS). This article contributes to filling this gap by exploring the personal beliefs and social norms related to ADTS in urban (favela) communities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between adult men (> 18 years) and girls and adolescents (G/A) (< 18 years) with a minimum 5-year age disparity. The primary objective of this study was to identify the social norms that promote and prevent ADTS, and the dynamics between individual beliefs and social norms, to provide contextualized recommendations to prevent ADTS in this setting. METHODS: An exploratory, sequential, mixed-methods design was used, starting with a qualitative phase that included semi-structured, in-depth interviews and focus groups, and a subsequent quantitative phase comprising of a community survey. The items for the quantitative questionnaires were developed based on the qualitative results. RESULTS: Mixed methods results indicate that in these communities ADTS is normalised and not considered exploitative. We identified three themes related to the reasons ADTS occurs: girls' responsibility, male desires and benefits of ADTS. Men's role in ADTS was largely minimised because of a general acceptance of a notion of masculinity characterised by hypersexuality and lack of impulse control. Individual beliefs, however, did not tend to align with these social norms. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, personal beliefs and social norms often did not align, suggesting that initiatives working to change personal or attitudes regarding ADTS may not lead to meaningful change in ADTS behaviours, and social norms interventions may be more effective. Our findings reinforce the need to develop programs tailored to local understandings of ADTS, targeting not only girls but also a wide range of actors. Interventions could also consider the structural factors acting in local and global contexts that promote or prevent ADTS.
背景：在关于交易性性行为的全球辩论中，很少有人关注巴西，尽管巴西在全球范围内 15 岁以下结婚或同居的女孩数量排名第四，并且有证据表明，这些婚姻往往是年龄差异较大的交易性性行为（ADTS）。本文通过探讨巴西里约热内卢城市（贫民窟）社区中成年男性（>18 岁）与女孩和青少年（G/A）（<18 岁）之间存在至少 5 年年龄差异的 ADTS 相关的个人信念和社会规范，填补了这一空白。本研究的主要目的是确定促进和预防 ADTS 的社会规范，以及个人信念和社会规范之间的动态关系，为在这种情况下预防 ADTS 提供有针对性的建议。 方法：采用探索性、顺序、混合方法设计，首先进行定性阶段，包括半结构、深入访谈和焦点小组，然后进行定量阶段，包括社区调查。定量问卷的项目是根据定性结果开发的。 结果：混合方法结果表明，在这些社区中，ADTS 是正常的，不被认为是剥削性的。我们确定了与 ADTS 发生原因相关的三个主题：女孩的责任、男性的欲望和 ADTS 的好处。由于普遍接受了一种以过度性欲和缺乏冲动控制为特征的男性气质观念，男性在 ADTS 中的角色在很大程度上被淡化了。然而，个人信念并不倾向于与这些社会规范一致。 结论：在这项研究中，个人信念和社会规范往往不一致，这表明旨在改变个人对 ADTS 的态度或信念的举措可能不会导致 ADTS 行为的有意义改变，而社会规范干预措施可能更有效。我们的研究结果强化了制定针对 ADTS 的当地理解的方案的必要性，这些方案不仅针对女孩，还针对广泛的行为体。干预措施还可以考虑在当地和全球背景下促进或预防 ADTS 的结构性因素。
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