Behnami Ali, Aghayani Ehsan, Benis Khaled Zoroufchi, Sattari Mohammad, Pourakbar Mojtaba
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences Maragheh Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
RSC Adv. 2022 May 18;12(23):14945-14956. doi: 10.1039/d2ra01618d. eCollection 2022 May 12.
In the present study the aim was to investigate and compare various activation processes for amoxicillin degradation. UV radiation, ultrasound, heat, and hydrogen peroxide were selected as the persulfate activation methods. The effects of various parameters such as pH, persulfate concentration, reaction time, AMX concentration, radical scavengers, and anions were thoroughly investigated. The results showed that AMX degradation was following the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The reaction rate of 0.114 min was calculated for the UV/PS process, which was higher than that of the other investigated processes. The AMX degradation mechanism and pathway investigations revealed that sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were responsible for the degradation of AMX by two degradation pathways of hydroxylation and the opening of the β-lactam ring. Competition kinetic analysis showed that the second-order rate constant of AMX with sulfate radicals was 8.56 × 10 L mol s in the UV/PS process. Cost analysis was conducted for the four investigated processes and it was found that 1.9 $m per order is required in the UV/PS process for the complete destruction of AMX. Finally, cytotoxic assessment of the treated effluent on human embryonic kidney cells showed a considerable reduction in AMX-induced cell cytotoxicity, proving that the investigated process is sufficiently capable of completely destroying AMX molecules to nontoxic compounds. Therefore, it can be concluded that UV radiation is much more effective than other methods for persulfate activation and can be considered as a reliable technique for antibiotic removal.
在本研究中，目的是研究和比较阿莫西林降解的各种活化过程。选择紫外线辐射、超声波、加热和过氧化氢作为过硫酸盐活化方法。深入研究了各种参数如pH值、过硫酸盐浓度、反应时间、阿莫西林浓度、自由基清除剂和阴离子的影响。结果表明，阿莫西林降解遵循准一级动力学模型。计算出紫外线/过硫酸盐工艺的反应速率为0.114分钟，高于其他研究工艺。阿莫西林降解机理和途径研究表明，硫酸根和羟基自由基通过羟基化和β-内酰胺环开环这两种降解途径导致阿莫西林降解。竞争动力学分析表明，在紫外线/过硫酸盐工艺中，阿莫西林与硫酸根自由基的二级反应速率常数为8.56×10 L mol s。对四种研究工艺进行了成本分析，发现紫外线/过硫酸盐工艺完全破坏阿莫西林每订单需要1.9美元/立方米。最后，对处理后的废水对人胚肾细胞的细胞毒性评估表明，阿莫西林诱导的细胞毒性显著降低，证明所研究的工艺有足够能力将阿莫西林分子完全降解为无毒化合物。因此，可以得出结论，紫外线辐射在过硫酸盐活化方面比其他方法更有效，可被视为一种可靠的抗生素去除技术。
