Non-classical monocytes contribute to innate immune training in cattle.

Innate immune training is defined as a property of innate immune cells to react stronger to a secondary contact with pathogens. Induction of innate immune training has been reported for a variety of pathogens and selected pattern recognition receptor-ligands, such as β-glucans (βG). We examined whether cell wall component βG induces training in bovine monocytes based on a heightened TNF secretion after stimulation by trained monocyte-derived macrophages with LPS. Sorted CD14-expressing monocytes (classical and intermediate monocytes), as well as single populations of sorted classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes could not be trained by βG, whereas macrophages derived from plastic-adherent mononuclear cell preparations displayed features of a trained function. The hypothesis, that non-classical monocytes need to be present in a mixed monocyte population in order to be trained by βG could be verified by a successful training of positively sorted whole monocyte populations (CD14CD16/M) containing all three monocyte subpopulations. The trainability depended on conditions favoring M1 polarization of macrophages. Altogether, innate immune training of bovine monocytes seems to depend on the presence of non-classical monocytes. This adds new information to the role of this monocyte subpopulation in the bovine immune system.