University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Jul;26(14):5297-5306. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202207_29321.
To gain insight into the different protective mechanisms of approved vaccines, this study focuses on the comparison of humoral and cellular immune responses of five widely used vaccines including ChAdOx1 (AZD1222, AstraZeneca), BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), and Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V).
Isolated plasma from 95 volunteers' blood samples was used to measure anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immune responses. Positive controls were recovered patients from COVID-19 (unvaccinated). Specific quantification kits for anti-nucleocapsid IgG, anti-Spike protein IgG, neutralizing antibodies as well as specific SARS-CoV-2 antigens for T-cell activation were used and Spearman correlation and matrix analyses were performed to compare overall immune responses.
Nucleocapsid antibodies were significantly higher for the BBIBP-CorV and convalescent group when compared to other vaccines. In contrast, subjects vaccinated with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 presented significantly higher anti-spike IgG. In fact, 9.1% of convalescent, 4.5% of Gam-COVID-Vac, 28.6% of ChAdOx1, and 12.5% of BBIBP-CorV volunteers did not generate anti-spike IgG. Similarly, a positive correlation was observed after the neutralization assay. T-cell activation studies showed that mRNA-based vaccines induced a T-cell driven immune response in all cases, while 55% of convalescents, 8% of BNT162b1, 12,5% of mRNA-1273, 9% of Gam-COVID-Vac, 57% of ChAdOx1, and 56% of BBIBP-CorV subjects presented no cellular response. Further correlation matrix analyses indicated that anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies production, and T-cell activation follow the same trend after immunization.
RNA-based vaccines induced the most robust adaptive immune activation against SARS-CoV-2 by promoting a significantly higher T-cell response, anti-spike IgG and neutralization levels. Vector-based vaccines protected against the virus at a comparable level to convalescent patients.
为了深入了解已批准疫苗的不同保护机制，本研究重点比较了广泛使用的五种疫苗的体液和细胞免疫应答，包括 ChAdOx1（阿斯利康）、BNT162b2（辉瑞）、mRNA-1273（莫德纳）、BBIBP-CorV（国药）和 Gam-COVID-Vac（卫星 V）。
从 95 名志愿者的血液样本中分离血浆，用于测量抗 SARS-CoV-2 的体液和细胞免疫应答。阳性对照为 COVID-19 未接种疫苗的康复患者。使用针对核衣壳 IgG、Spike 蛋白 IgG、中和抗体以及用于 T 细胞激活的特定 SARS-CoV-2 抗原的定量试剂盒，并进行 Spearman 相关性和矩阵分析，以比较整体免疫应答。
与其他疫苗相比，BBIBP-CorV 和康复组的核衣壳抗体明显更高。相比之下，接种 BNT162b2 和 mRNA-1273 的受试者表现出更高的抗 Spike IgG。事实上，9.1%的康复者、4.5%的 Gam-COVID-Vac、28.6%的 ChAdOx1 和 12.5%的 BBIBP-CorV 志愿者未产生抗 Spike IgG。同样，在中和测定后观察到正相关。T 细胞激活研究表明，基于 mRNA 的疫苗在所有情况下都诱导了 T 细胞驱动的免疫反应，而 55%的康复者、8%的 BNT162b1、12.5%的 mRNA-1273、9%的 Gam-COVID-Vac、57%的 ChAdOx1 和 56%的 BBIBP-CorV 受试者没有细胞反应。进一步的相关矩阵分析表明，接种疫苗后，抗 Spike IgG 和中和抗体的产生以及 T 细胞的激活呈相同趋势。
基于 RNA 的疫苗通过促进更高水平的 T 细胞反应、抗 Spike IgG 和中和抗体水平，诱导针对 SARS-CoV-2 的最强大的适应性免疫激活。基于载体的疫苗在保护病毒方面与康复患者相当。
