Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Dec 10;851(Pt 2):158195. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158195. Epub 2022 Aug 20.
The presence of antibiotics in the aqueous environment can alter the water microbiome, inducing antimicrobial resistance genes. Hence, the occurrence of 18 antibiotics belonging to sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, phenicols, and macrolides classes were investigated in surface water, groundwater, and sewage treatment plants in Chennai city and the suburbs. Fluoroquinolones had the maximum detection frequency in both influent and effluent samples of urban and suburban STPs, with ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showing the highest influent concentrations. Erythromycin was the predominant antibiotic in surface water samples with an average concentration of 194.4 ng/L. All the detected antibiotic concentrations were higher in the Buckingham Canal compared to those in Adyar and Cooum rivers, possibly due to direct sewer outfalls in the canal. In groundwater samples, ciprofloxacin showed the highest levels with an average of 20.48 ng/L and the concentrations were comparable to those of surface water. The average sulfamethazine concentration in groundwater (5.2 ng/L) was found to be slightly higher than that of the surface water and much higher than the STP influent concentrations. High levels of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethazine in groundwater may be because of their high solubility and wide use. Moreover, erythromycin was completely removed after treatment in urban STPs; FQs showed relatively lesser removal efficiency (2.4-54%) in urban STPs and (8-44%) in suburban STP. Tetracyclines and phenicols were not detected in any of the samples. Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin in surface water pose a high risk in terms of estimated antibiotic resistance. This study revealed that the measured surface water concentration of antibiotics were 500 times higher for some compounds than the predicted calculated concentrations from STP effluents. Therefore, we suspect the direct sewage outlets or open drains might play an important role in contaminating surface water bodies in Chennai city.
抗生素在水环境中的存在会改变水微生物组，诱导产生抗微生物药物耐药性基因。因此，研究了班加罗尔市及其郊区地表水、地下水和污水处理厂中 18 种属于磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、酚类和大环内酯类的抗生素的存在情况。氟喹诺酮类在城市和郊区污水处理厂的进水和出水样本中均具有最高的检测频率，其中氧氟沙星和环丙沙星显示出最高的进水浓度。红霉素是地表水样本中主要的抗生素，平均浓度为 194.4ng/L。与阿迪尔河和高乌姆河相比，白金汉运河中所有检测到的抗生素浓度都更高，这可能是由于运河中有直接的污水排放口。在地下水样本中，环丙沙星的浓度最高，平均为 20.48ng/L，其浓度与地表水相当。地下水的磺胺甲恶唑平均浓度（5.2ng/L）略高于地表水，远高于污水处理厂进水浓度。地下水中环丙沙星和磺胺甲恶唑浓度较高可能是因为它们的高溶解度和广泛应用。此外，红霉素在城市污水处理厂处理后被完全去除；氟喹诺酮类在城市污水处理厂的去除效率相对较低（2.4-54%），而在郊区污水处理厂的去除效率为（8-44%）。在所有样本中均未检测到四环素类和酚类。地表水没有检测到氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素。从估计的抗生素耐药性来看，地表水的环丙沙星和阿奇霉素构成了高风险。本研究表明，从污水处理厂出水计算的预测浓度相比，某些化合物在测量的地表水中的浓度要高 500 倍。因此，我们怀疑直接的污水出口或开放排水渠可能在班加罗尔市地表水体的污染中发挥了重要作用。
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