A multiple-group analysis of social Capital and loneliness among community-dwelling older adults in urban China during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present study examined the moderating effects of family social capital on the relationship between community social capital and loneliness among older adults in urban Chinese communities during the COVID-19 outbreak period between January and March 2020. We used quota sampling to recruit 472 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or older. A multiple-group analysis was applied to examine the proposed hypotheses. Community-based cognitive social capital was significantly associated with both social and emotional loneliness among older adults with relatively low levels of family social capital. However, these associations were statistically nonsignificant among those with high family social capital levels. Community-based structural social capital was not associated with loneliness in either family social capital group. The findings highlight the role of cognitive social capital in reducing loneliness and support community social capital replacement theory in explaining the mechanism linking social capital to loneliness in later life in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.