Cleaner Technology and Modelling Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, MS, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Oct 7;194(12):855. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10479-w.
Pulp and paper industries emit various odorous gases during the pulp production and paper-making phase, which are unpleasant and have harmful effects on the human body. The working staffs are continuously exposed to these gases and develop various health issues. Hence, regular monitoring and analysis of such gases are necessary to avoid any sudden high concentration exposure and to prevent adverse health effects on the staff. An electronic nose (EN) has an array of gas sensors with an alert system for early detection of gases. Various ENs have been developed for varying applications till date. The detailed knowledge of the sensors used, their sensitivity and technology is helpful in development of any EN. The objective of this study is to comprehensively review various developed ENs with respect to their gas sensing and pattern recognition (PR) technologies. The information on gases released from pulp and paper industries is also compiled. The evolution of EN technology, its various applications, challenges in developing EN and its utility in safeguarding the industrial workers' life have been described. Further, gap analysis among previously developed EN, contemporary EN and wireless sensor network (WSN) is elaborated. It will facilitate future researchers for better selection of sensors and PR technologies while developing EN. The commonly used sensing technologies are described with their advantages, disadvantages and working principles. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor and ANN algorithm show better result and hence recommended in the development of EN, whereas ZigBee protocol has been widely used for WSN.
纸浆和造纸工业在纸浆生产和造纸阶段会排放各种有气味的气体，这些气体令人不快，对人体有有害影响。工作人员会持续接触这些气体，从而引发各种健康问题。因此，需要定期监测和分析这些气体，以避免任何突然的高浓度暴露，并防止对员工造成不良的健康影响。电子鼻 (EN) 具有一系列带有警报系统的气体传感器，可用于早期检测气体。迄今为止，已经开发出了各种用于不同应用的 EN。详细了解所用传感器的知识、它们的灵敏度和技术有助于开发任何 EN。本研究的目的是全面回顾各种已开发的 EN 及其气体传感和模式识别 (PR) 技术。还编译了纸浆和造纸工业释放的气体的信息。描述了 EN 技术的发展演变、其各种应用、开发 EN 所面临的挑战及其在保护工业工人生命方面的应用。此外，详细阐述了先前开发的 EN、当代 EN 和无线传感器网络 (WSN) 之间的差距分析。这将有助于未来的研究人员在开发 EN 时更好地选择传感器和 PR 技术。还描述了常用的传感技术，包括它们的优点、缺点和工作原理。金属氧化物半导体 (MOS) 气体传感器和人工神经网络 (ANN) 算法显示出更好的结果，因此建议在 EN 的开发中使用，而 ZigBee 协议已广泛用于 WSN。
