Blackleg of oilseed rape caused by / is a worldwide important disease. is more virulent than , so it causes a great concern for oilseed rape production. In China, blackleg () of oilseed rape was reported in the 2000s, but epidemiological features of blackleg have not been well elucidated. Moreover, whether exists in China is still an open question. Therefore, a 5-year survey was done in China to collect blackleg-occurrence data for characterizing the features of blackleg epidemics and to identify the blackleg pathogens for assessing the risk of invasion. The results showed that all the 19 surveyed provinces had blackleg on oilseed rape, and the most frequently occurring provinces are Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Hubei. Phoma stem canker was the most common symptom, which was associated with stem cracks on winter oilseed rape and with stem-weevil activities on spring oilseed rape. Temperature and rainfall were the main factors for blackleg epidemics on winter oilseed rape, whereas rainfall was the main factor for blackleg epidemics on spring oilseed rape. and oilseed rapes were more susceptible than to blackleg. Oilseed rapes cultivated under the continuous dry land-cropping pattern were more prone to blackleg than those cultivated under the paddy land/dry land-cropping pattern. All 6,015 fungal isolates from blackleg plant tissues belonged to . These results are helpful for understanding the blackleg epidemics of oilseed rapes and for management of this disease in China.