Zhou Runze, Zhao Di, Beeraka Narasimha M, Wang Xiaoyan, Lu Pengwei, Song Ruixia, Chen Kuo, Liu Junqi
Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
Metabolites. 2022 Oct 5;12(10):943. doi: 10.3390/metabo12100943.
Radiotherapy and internal radioisotope therapy (brachytherapy) induce tumor cell death through different molecular signaling pathways. However, these therapies in cancer patients are constrained by dose-related adverse effects and local discomfort due to the prolonged exposure to the surrounding tissues. Technological advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in synthesis of high atomic elements such as nanomaterials, which can be used as radiosensitizers due to their photoelectric characteristics. The aim of this review is to elucidate the effects of novel nanomaterials in the field of radiation oncology to ameliorate dose-related toxicity through the application of ideal nanoparticle-based radiosensitizers such as Au (gold), Bi (bismuth), and Lu (Lutetium-177) for enhancing cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy via the high-Z effect. In addition, we discuss the role of nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy in alleviating tumor hypoxia through the nanodelivery of genes/drugs and other functional anticancer molecules. The implications of engineered nanoparticles in preclinical and clinical studies still need to be studied in order to explore potential mechanisms for radiosensitization by minimizing tumor hypoxia, operational/logistic complications and by overcoming tumor heterogeneity in radiotherapy/brachytherapy.
放射治疗和体内放射性同位素治疗（近距离放射治疗）通过不同的分子信号通路诱导肿瘤细胞死亡。然而，癌症患者的这些治疗受到与剂量相关的不良反应以及因长时间暴露于周围组织而导致的局部不适的限制。纳米技术的技术进步已导致合成了诸如纳米材料等高原子序数元素，由于其光电特性，这些元素可用作放射增敏剂。本综述的目的是通过应用理想的基于纳米颗粒的放射增敏剂，如金（Au）、铋（Bi）和镥（镥 - 177），来阐明新型纳米材料在放射肿瘤学领域的作用，以通过高Z效应增强放射治疗的细胞毒性作用，从而改善与剂量相关的毒性。此外，我们讨论了纳米颗粒增强放射治疗在通过基因/药物和其他功能性抗癌分子的纳米递送缓解肿瘤缺氧方面的作用。为了探索通过最小化肿瘤缺氧、操作/后勤并发症以及克服放射治疗/近距离放射治疗中的肿瘤异质性来实现放射增敏的潜在机制，工程纳米颗粒在临床前和临床研究中的意义仍有待研究。
