Hu Ying, O'Toole Alice J
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
The University of Texas at Dallas, United States.
Cognition. 2023 Feb;231:105309. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105309. Epub 2022 Nov 5.
Faces and bodies spontaneously elicit personality trait judgments (e.g., trustworthy, dominant, lazy). We examined how trait information from the face and body combine to form first impressions of the whole person and whether trait judgments from the face and body are affected by seeing the whole person. Consistent with the trait-dependence hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that the relative contribution of the face and body to whole-person perception varied with the trait judged. Agreeableness traits (e.g., warm, aggressive, sympathetic, trustworthy) were inferred primarily from the face, conscientiousness traits (e.g., dependable, careless) from the body, and extraversion traits (e.g., dominant, quiet, confident) from the whole person. A control experiment showed that both clothing and body shape contributed to whole-person judgments. In Experiment 2, we found that a face (body) rated in the whole person elicited a different rating than when it was rated in isolation. Specifically, when trait ratings differed for an isolated face and body of the same identity, the whole-person context biased in-context ratings of the faces and bodies towards the ratings of the context. These results showed that face and body trait perception interact more than previously assumed. We combine current and established findings to propose a novel framework to account for face-body integration in trait perception. This framework incorporates basic elements such as perceptual determinants, nonperceptual determinants, trait formation, and integration, as well as predictive factors such as the rater, the person rated, and the situation.
面孔和身体会自发地引发对个性特质的判断（例如，值得信赖、有主导性、懒惰）。我们研究了来自面孔和身体的特质信息如何结合形成对整个人的第一印象，以及面孔和身体的特质判断是否会受到看到整个人的影响。与特质依赖假设一致，实验1表明，面孔和身体对整体人物感知的相对贡献会因所判断的特质而有所不同。宜人性特质（例如，热情、有攻击性、富有同情心、值得信赖）主要从面孔推断得出，尽责性特质（例如，可靠、粗心）从身体推断得出，外向性特质（例如，有主导性、安静、自信）从整个人推断得出。一项对照实验表明，服装和体型都对整体人物判断有影响。在实验2中，我们发现，在整个人的情境中对面孔（身体）进行评级时，与单独对面孔（身体）进行评级时所引发的评级不同。具体而言，当同一身份的单独面孔和身体的特质评级不同时，整体人物情境会使面孔和身体在情境中的评级朝着情境的评级方向产生偏差。这些结果表明，面孔和身体特质感知的相互作用比之前所认为的更为显著。我们结合当前和已有的研究结果，提出了一个新颖的框架来解释特质感知中的面孔 - 身体整合。这个框架纳入了诸如感知决定因素、非感知决定因素、特质形成和整合等基本要素，以及诸如评级者、被评级者和情境等预测因素。
