Spatial Distribution, Antioxidant Capacity, and Spore Germination-Promoting Effect of Bibenzyls from .

Liverworts, considered to be the first plant type to successfully make the transition from water to land, can resist different oxidative stress. As characteristic constituents of liverworts, the bibenzyls are efficient antioxidants. In this study, spatial distributions of the bibenzyls within L., the model species of liverworts, were mapped using airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry. Bibenzyls were found to largely exist in the female receptacle of , where lunularic acid was found to focus in the central region and bisbibenzyls were enriched in the periphery. The region-specific gene expression and antioxidant activities were characterized. In line with the spatial feature of bibenzyls, higher MpSTCS1A and Mp4CL expression levels and antioxidant ability were exhibited in the archegoniophore. The expression level of MpSTCS1A, and the content of total phenolic acid was increased after UV-B irradiation, suggesting bibenzyls play an important role in UV-B tolerance. Moreover, lunularic acid and extract of archegoniophore at a certain concentration can stimulate the spore germination under normal conditions and UV-B stress. These works broaden our understanding of the significance of bibenzyls in spore propagation and environmental adaptation.