Graphene oxide affected root growth, anatomy, and nutrient uptake in alfalfa.

The increasing application of carbon nanomaterials has resulted in their inevitable release into the environment. Their toxic effects on plant roots require careful investigation. In the present study, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was exposed to graphene oxide (GO) at levels of 0.2 %, 0.4 %, and 0.6 % (w/w) in potting soil. This study aims to better understand the impact of GO on the root growth, structure, and physiology of alfalfa in the soil matrix. The results demonstrated that GO significantly affected the development and structure of alfalfa roots, and the effect varied with GO level. The highest level of GO (0.6 %) reduced the root length, diameter, volume, dry weight, number of lateral roots, and root activity by 36.1 %, 31.3 %, 60.0 %, 89.6 %, 55.8 %, and 72.3 % (p < 0.05), respectively, and the vascular cylinder diameter, periderm thickness, vessel diameter, and phellem thickness decreased by 51.5 %, 50.7 %, 80.9 %, and 49.1 % (p < 0.05), respectively. These observations might be associated with GO-induced oxidative stress, which was indicated by the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, high GO levels (0.4 % and 0.6 %) inhibited the uptake of N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mo, Si, and B in roots. Our findings indicate that GO at high levels has a negative impact on root growth and development by inducing oxidative stress, structural impairment, and nutritional imbalance. Careful soil GO management should be emphasized.