Nozaki Kazusa, Tanoue Rumi, Kunisue Tatsuya, Tue Nguyen Minh, Fujii Sadahiko, Sudo Nao, Isobe Tomohiko, Nakayama Kei, Sudaryanto Agus, Subramanian Annamalai, Bulbule Keshav A, Parthasarathy Peethambaram, Tuyen Le Huu, Viet Pham Hung, Kondo Masakazu, Tanabe Shinsuke, Nomiyama Kei
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan.
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Mar 25;866:161258. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161258. Epub 2022 Dec 30.
In Asian developing countries, undeveloped and ineffective sewer systems are causing surface water pollution by a lot of contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Therefore, the risks for freshwater fauna need to be assessed. The present study aimed at: i) elucidating the contamination status; ii) evaluating the bioaccumulation; and iii) assessing the potential risks of PPCP residues in surface water and freshwater fish from three Asian countries. We measured 43 PPCPs in the plasma of several fish species as well as ambient water samples collected from India (Chennai and Bengaluru), Indonesia (Jakarta and Tangerang), and Vietnam (Hanoi and Hoa Binh). In addition, the validity of the existing fish blood-water partitioning model based solely on the lipophilicity of chemicals is assessed for ionizable and readily metabolizable PPCPs. When comparing bioaccumulation factors calculated from the PPCP concentrations measured in the fish and water (BAF) with bioconcentration factors predicted from their pH-dependent octanol-water partition coefficient (BCF), close values (within an order of magnitude) were observed for 58-91 % of the detected compounds. Nevertheless, up to 110 times higher plasma BAF than the BCF were found for the antihistamine chlorpheniramine in tilapia but not in other fish species. The plasma BAF values of the compound were significantly different in the three fish species (tilapia > carp > catfish), possibly due to species-specific differences in toxicokinetics (e.g., plasma protein binding and hepatic metabolism). Results of potential risk evaluation based on the PPCP concentrations measured in the fish plasma suggested that chlorpheniramine, triclosan, haloperidol, triclocarban, diclofenac, and diphenhydramine can pose potential adverse effects on wild fish. Results of potential risk evaluation based on the PPCP concentrations measured in the surface water indicated high ecological risks of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and triclosan on Asian freshwater ecosystems.
在亚洲发展中国家，未开发且低效的下水道系统正导致大量污染物造成地表水环境污染，尤其是药品和个人护理产品（PPCPs）。因此，需要评估淡水生物面临的风险。本研究旨在：i）阐明污染状况；ii）评估生物累积情况；iii）评估来自三个亚洲国家的地表水中和淡水鱼体内PPCP残留的潜在风险。我们测定了几种鱼类血浆以及从印度（钦奈和班加罗尔）、印度尼西亚（雅加达和坦格朗）和越南（河内和和平）采集的环境水样中的43种PPCPs。此外，还针对可离子化且易于代谢的PPCPs评估了仅基于化学物质亲脂性的现有鱼血水分配模型的有效性。将根据鱼类和水中测得的PPCP浓度计算出的生物累积因子（BAF）与根据其pH依赖性正辛醇-水分配系数预测的生物富集因子（BCF）进行比较时，58-91%的检测化合物的数值接近（在一个数量级内）。然而，罗非鱼体内抗组胺药氯苯那敏的血浆BAF比BCF高出110倍，但在其他鱼类中未出现这种情况。该化合物的血浆BAF值在三种鱼类（罗非鱼>鲤鱼>鲶鱼）中存在显著差异，这可能是由于毒代动力学方面的物种特异性差异（例如血浆蛋白结合和肝脏代谢）。基于鱼类血浆中测得的PPCP浓度进行的潜在风险评估结果表明，氯苯那敏、三氯生、氟哌啶醇、三氯卡班、双氯芬酸和苯海拉明可能对野生鱼类造成潜在不利影响。基于地表水中测得的PPCP浓度进行的潜在风险评估结果表明，卡马西平、磺胺甲恶唑、红霉素和三氯生对亚洲淡水生态系统具有很高的生态风险。
