Graciani Thalia Smaniotto, Bandeira Felipe Ogliari, Cardoso Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira, Alves Paulo Roger Lopes
Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
Department of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil.
Ecotoxicology. 2023 Jan;32(1):82-92. doi: 10.1007/s10646-023-02621-2. Epub 2023 Jan 17.
Climate change can alter the toxic effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates. However, the nature and magnitude of the influence of climatic factors on clothianidin impacts in tropical soils are still unknown. The influence of increasing atmospheric temperature and the reduction in soil moisture on the toxicity and risk of clothianidin (seed dressing formulation Inside FS) were assessed through chronic toxicity tests with collembolans Folsomia candida in a tropical field soil (Entisol). The risk of clothianidin for collembolans was estimated using the Toxicity-Exposure Ratio (TER) approach. Organisms were exposed to increasing clothianidin concentrations at 20, 25 and 27 °C in combination with two soil moisture conditions (30 and 60% of the maximum water holding capacity-WHC). The effect of temperature and soil moisture content on clothianidin toxicity was verified through the number of F. candida juveniles generated after 28 days of exposure to the spiked soil. The toxicities estimated at 25 °C (EC_ = 0.014 mg kg; EC = 0.010 mg kg) and 27 °C (EC = 0.006 mg kg; EC = 0.007 mg kg) were 2.9-3.0-fold (25 °C) and 4.3-6.7-fold (27 °C) higher than those found at 20 °C (EC = 0.040 mg kg; EC = 0.030 mg kg), indicating that clothianidin toxicity increases with temperature. No clear influence of soil moisture content on clothianidin toxicity could be observed once the EC values estimated at 30% and 60% WHC, within the same temperature, did not significantly differ. A significant risk was detected in all temperatures and soil moisture scenarios studied, and the TER values indicate that the risk can increase with increasing temperatures. Our results revealed that temperature could overlap with soil moisture in regulating clothianidin toxicity and reinforce the importance of including climatic factors in the prospective risk assessment of pesticides.
气候变化会改变农药对土壤无脊椎动物的毒性作用。然而，气候因素对热带土壤中噻虫胺影响的性质和程度仍不清楚。通过在热带田间土壤（新成土）中对弹尾虫念珠寡节蚁进行慢性毒性试验，评估了大气温度升高和土壤湿度降低对噻虫胺（种衣剂配方FS内）毒性和风险的影响。使用毒性暴露比（TER）方法估算了噻虫胺对弹尾虫的风险。在20、25和27°C下，将生物暴露于不断增加的噻虫胺浓度下，并结合两种土壤湿度条件（最大持水量的30%和60%）。通过暴露于加标土壤28天后产生的念珠寡节蚁幼体数量，验证了温度和土壤湿度含量对噻虫胺毒性的影响。在25°C（EC_ = 0.014 mg/kg；EC = 0.010 mg/kg）和27°C（EC = 0.006 mg/kg；EC = 0.007 mg/kg）下估算的毒性比在20°C（EC = 0.040 mg/kg；EC = 0.030 mg/kg）下高出2.9 - 3.0倍（25°C）和4.3 - 6.7倍（27°C），表明噻虫胺毒性随温度升高而增加。在相同温度下，当估算的30%和60% WHC的EC值没有显著差异时，未观察到土壤湿度含量对噻虫胺毒性有明显影响。在所有研究的温度和土壤湿度情景中均检测到显著风险，TER值表明风险可能随温度升高而增加。我们的结果表明，温度在调节噻虫胺毒性方面可能与土壤湿度相互作用，并强调了在农药前瞻性风险评估中纳入气候因素的重要性。
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