Response mechanisms of anaerobic fermentative sludge to zinc oxide nanoparticles during medium-chain carboxylates production from waste activated sludge.

The conversion of waste activated sludge (WAS) into medium chain carboxylates (MCCs) has attracted much attention, while investigations of the impacts of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on this process are sparse. The present study showed that 8 mg/g-TSS of ZnO NPs have little effects on all key steps and the activity of anaerobes, and finally leading to unchanged MCCs production. Although 30 mg/g-TSS of ZnO NPs weakly inhibited the hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and chain elongation process, WAS solubilization was enhanced, thus, the improvement was enough to offset inhibition, also resulting in an insignificant impact on overall MCCs production. However, the improvement with ZnO NPs dosages above 100 mg/g-TSS was not sufficient to offset the biological inhibition, thus inducing negative impact on overall MCCs production. The decline of EPS induced by Zn and generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) were the main factors responsible for the inhibitory effects of ZnO NPs on lower activity of anaerobes. For chain elongation process, the discriminative Clostridium IV (as MCCs-forming bacteria) with a strong adaptation to ZnO NPs (300 mg/g-TSS) was observed. The present study provided a deep understanding related to the effects of ZnO NPs on the production of MCCs production from WAS and identified a zinc resistance anaerobe, which would be significant for the evaluation of influence and alleviation of inhibition induced by ZnO NPs on the carbon cycle of organic wastes.