School of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
BMB Rep. 2023 Jan;56(1):1. doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2022-0210.
Studying human biology has been challenging with conventional animal models or two-dimensional (2D) cultured cell lines. Recent advances in stem cell biology have made it possible to culture stem cells in vitro, leading to the establishment of in vitro three-dimensional (3D) organ-like structures known as organoids. Organoids are self-organizing 3D miniature tissues that mimic the tissue architecture and functionality of in vivo counterparts. Currently, organoids can be established for multiple tissues such as the intestine, brain, kidney, prostate, pancreas, liver, bladder, heart, and retina, either from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult stem cells (AdSCs). In addition to normal organoids, patient-derived tumor organoids have been established from various human tumors such as pancreatic, colorectal, breast, liver, prostate, and bladder tumors. Also, bioengineering technologies including biomaterial and scaffold fabrication, bioprinting, and microfluidics have been recently applied to create more mature and complex organoids and miniature tissues in vitro. Incorporating recently advanced computational analyses including multi-omics profiling and bioinformatics further facilitated the process of using human organoids as a novel platform for human disease modeling, drug screening to identify potential targets and novel therapeutics, and the development of precision medicine and regenerative therapies. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 1].
用传统的动物模型或二维（2D）培养细胞系来研究人类生物学一直具有挑战性。近年来，干细胞生物学的进步使得在体外培养干细胞成为可能，从而建立了体外三维（3D）类器官结构，即器官样结构。器官样结构是自我组织的 3D 微型组织，模拟体内对应物的组织结构和功能。目前，可以从多能干细胞（PSCs），包括胚胎干细胞（ESCs）和诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs）或成体干细胞（AdSCs），建立多种组织的器官样结构，例如肠、脑、肾、前列腺、胰腺、肝、膀胱、心脏和视网膜。除了正常的器官样结构外，还已经从各种人类肿瘤（如胰腺、结直肠、乳腺、肝、前列腺和膀胱癌）中建立了患者来源的肿瘤器官样结构。此外，生物工程技术，包括生物材料和支架制造、生物打印和微流控技术，最近已被应用于体外创建更成熟和复杂的器官样结构和微型组织。最近先进的计算分析（包括多组学分析和生物信息学）的结合进一步促进了使用人类器官样结构作为人类疾病建模、药物筛选以确定潜在靶点和新疗法以及精准医学和再生疗法的新型平台的过程。[BMB 报告 2023;56(1):1]。
