性别差异在自我估计智力方面是否难以捉摸？探讨工作记忆、创造力和其他心理相关性在年轻和老年成年人中的作用。

Are sex differences in self-estimated intelligence an elusive phenomenon? Exploring the role of working memory, creativity, and other psychological correlates in young and older adults.

机构信息

Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Department of Psychology, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece.

出版信息

Brain Behav. 2023 Feb;13(2):e2857. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2857. Epub 2023 Jan 26.

DOI:10.1002/brb3.2857

PMID:36704836

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9927843/

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Although there is research examining the demographic predictors of self-estimated intelligence (SEI) in young adults, so far SEI in old age is little investigated. This study aims to examine the influence of additional variables such as self-estimated emotional intelligence (SEEQ), physical attractiveness, health, general optimism, religiousness, and working memory (WM) on SEI both in young and older adults.

METHODS

A total of 159 young (90 women, M = 28.77, SD = 8.83) and 152 older adults (93 women, M = 71.92, SD = 6.84) completed a measure of SEI as well as questions regarding the abovementioned variables. Given that WM is considered a very strong predictor of intelligence, neuropsychological assessment included the measurement of WM and phonologically cued semantic retrieval-verbal storage and processing in WM, as assessed by the Digit Span Forward and Verbal Fluency Task. The visual storage in WM was assessed with a variation of the Visual Patterns Test, and the visual storage and processing in WM with the Corsi blocks task (backward). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X) was also administered as a possible influence on cognitive performance and SEI.

RESULTS

Young males rated their intelligence quotient (IQ) and emotional quotient (EQ) higher than young females. This was not confirmed for older adults, for which surprisingly the reversed pattern was found. Older women reported higher IQ and EQ than older men. Correlations showed for all participants that the higher they rated their IQ, the higher their ratings of EQ, physical attractiveness, health, and religiousness. No significant correlations between objective tests regarding WM and SEI were found, supporting SEI overestimations. Age, sex, physical attractiveness, and SEEQ were significant predictors of SEI.

DISCUSSION

For the first time, a reverse sex difference across age groups in SEI is found. Implications for individuals and healthcare professionals involved in assessment are suggested.

摘要

背景

尽管有研究考察了年轻人自我估计智力（SEI）的人口统计学预测因素，但到目前为止，老年人的 SEI 研究甚少。本研究旨在考察在年轻人和老年人中，自我估计情绪智力（SEEQ）、身体吸引力、健康、一般乐观主义、宗教信仰和工作记忆（WM）等其他变量对 SEI 的影响。

方法

共有 159 名年轻人（90 名女性，M=28.77，SD=8.83）和 152 名老年人（93 名女性，M=71.92，SD=6.84）完成了 SEI 以及上述变量的测量。鉴于 WM 被认为是智力的一个非常强的预测因素，神经心理学评估包括 WM 的测量以及通过数字跨度正向和词汇流畅性任务评估 WM 中的语音提示语义检索-言语存储和处理。WM 中的视觉存储通过视觉模式测试的变体进行评估，WM 中的视觉存储和处理通过 Corsi 块任务（反向）进行评估。也进行了正性和负性情绪量表（PANAS-X）的评估，作为对认知表现和 SEI 的可能影响。

结果

年轻男性对自己的智商（IQ）和情商（EQ）的评价高于年轻女性。但这在老年人中并未得到证实，令人惊讶的是，发现了相反的模式。老年女性报告的 IQ 和 EQ 高于老年男性。所有参与者的相关性表明，他们对 IQ 的评价越高，对 EQ、身体吸引力、健康和宗教信仰的评价就越高。在 WM 和 SEI 的客观测试之间没有发现显著的相关性，这支持了 SEI 的高估。年龄、性别、身体吸引力和 SEEQ 是 SEI 的显著预测因素。