Microbial and phage communities as well as their interaction in PO saponification wastewater treatment systems.

Viruses or phages were considered affecting microbial community composition, metabolic process, and biogeochemical cycles. However, phage communities and their potential associations with microbial community are not well understood in the activated sludge (AS) of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we explored the interactions between phages and microbial community by using propylene oxide (PO) saponification WWTPs as an example. Bacterial, eukaryal and archaeal communities were investigated and 34 phage contigs (>10 kb) were recovered from PO saponification WWTPs. At least 3 complete phage genomes were assembled. In all 34 phages, 21 of them have been predicted to their host. The association network analysis showed that abundant phages were associated with abundant microorganisms. This result conformed to Kill-the-Winner model. Notably, 45 auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were identified from phage genomes (including small contig fragments). They influenced bacterial metabolism through facilitating phages replication and avoiding host death. Collectively, our results suggested that phage community affect microbial community and metabolic pathways by killing their hosts and AMGs transfer in AS of PO saponification WWTPs.