An unexpected new red-bellied (Microhylidae) from forest fragments in central Madagascar highlights remaining cryptic diversity.

The Madagascan endemic subfamily Cophylinae in the family Microhylidae, is an example of a taxonomic group for which much is still to be discovered. Indeed, the cophyline frogs present a large portion of Madagascar's cryptic and microendemic amphibian diversity, yet they remain understudied. A new red-bellied species of the microhylid frog genus is described from the central plateau of Madagascar. Visual encounter surveys in Ambohitantely and Anjozorobe in 2019 and 2020 identified this previously unknown species, which closely resembles known from Andasibe in the east. adds another species to the red-bellied species complex, differing from by genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (3.6-3.9%) and distinct nuclear RAG1 haplotypes, as well as strongly by its advertisement call. The new species is known from across Ambohitantely Special Reserve and Anjozorobe Angavo protected area, but is known only from one complete specimen and eight individual tissue samples. Based on the rarity of the species, the small number of locations in which it has been found, and its disappearing forest habitat, its IUCN Red List classification is suggested as "Endangered". This species is the first described from Madagascar's central plateau, highlighting the importance of conserving the remnant forest fragments in this area and the ongoing need to survey and protect this threatened habitat type.