Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 2;20(3):2672. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032672.
Antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in substrates processed during anaerobic digestion in agricultural biogas plants (BPs) can reach the digestate (), which is used as fertilizer. Antimicrobials and ARGs can be transferred to agricultural land, which increases their concentrations in the environment. The concentrations of 13 antibiotics in digestate samples from biogas plants (BPs) were investigated in this study. The abundance of ARGs encoding resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics, and the integrase genes were determined in the analyzed samples. The presence of cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, zinc, and mercury was also examined. Antimicrobials were not eliminated during anaerobic digestion. Their concentrations differed in digestates obtained from different substrates and in liquid and solid fractions (ranging from 62.8 ng/g clarithromycin in the solid fraction of sewage sludge digestate to 1555.9 ng/L doxycycline in the liquid fraction of cattle manure digestate). Digestates obtained from plant-based substrates were characterized by high concentrations of ARGs (ranging from 5.73 × 10 copies/gA to 2.98 × 10 copies/g1). The samples also contained mercury (0.5 mg/kg dry mass (dm)) and zinc (830 mg/kg dm). The results confirmed that digestate is a reservoir of ARGs (5.73 × 10 to 8.89 × 10 copies/g) and heavy metals (HMs). In addition, high concentrations of integrase genes (10 to 10 copies/g) in the samples indicate that mobile genetic elements may be involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance. The study suggested that the risk of soil contamination with antibiotics, HMs, and ARGs is high in farms where digestate is used as fertilizer.
农业沼气厂（BP）厌氧消化过程中处理的底物中的抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）可到达消化物（），用作肥料。抗生素和 ARGs 可转移到农业用地，从而增加其在环境中的浓度。本研究调查了沼气厂（BP）消化物样本中 13 种抗生素的浓度。在分析的样本中测定了编码对β-内酰胺类、四环素类、磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳性菌素类抗生素和整合酶基因抗性的 ARGs 的丰度。还检查了镉、铅、镍、铬、锌和汞的存在。抗生素在厌氧消化过程中未被消除。它们在来自不同底物的消化物中的浓度以及在液体和固体部分中有所不同（从污水污泥消化物固体部分中克拉霉素的 62.8 ng/g 到牛粪消化物液体部分中强力霉素的 1555.9 ng/L 不等）。基于植物的底物获得的消化物的特征是 ARGs 浓度高（从 5.73×10 拷贝/gA 到 2.98×10 拷贝/g1）。这些样本还含有汞（0.5 mg/kg 干质量（dm））和锌（830 mg/kg dm）。结果证实，消化物是 ARGs（5.73×10 至 8.89×10 拷贝/g）和重金属（HMs）的储存库。此外，样本中高浓度的整合酶基因（10 到 10 拷贝/g）表明移动遗传元件可能参与抗生素抗性的传播。该研究表明，在使用消化物作为肥料的农场中，土壤受到抗生素、HMs 和 ARGs 污染的风险很高。
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