Instituto Biofisika, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Elife. 2023 Feb 20;12:e81961. doi: 10.7554/eLife.81961.
Neuronal K7 channels, important regulators of cell excitability, are among the most sensitive proteins to reactive oxygen species. The S2S3 linker of the voltage sensor was reported as a site-mediating redox modulation of the channels. Recent structural insights reveal potential interactions between this linker and the Ca-binding loop of the third EF-hand of calmodulin (CaM), which embraces an antiparallel fork formed by the C-terminal helices A and B, constituting the calcium responsive domain (CRD). We found that precluding Ca binding to the EF3 hand, but not to EF1, EF2, or EF4 hands, abolishes oxidation-induced enhancement of K7.4 currents. Monitoring FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) between helices A and B using purified CRDs tagged with fluorescent proteins, we observed that S2S3 peptides cause a reversal of the signal in the presence of Ca but have no effect in the absence of this cation or if the peptide is oxidized. The capacity of loading EF3 with Ca is essential for this reversal of the FRET signal, whereas the consequences of obliterating Ca binding to EF1, EF2, or EF4 are negligible. Furthermore, we show that EF3 is critical for translating Ca signals to reorient the AB fork. Our data are consistent with the proposal that oxidation of cysteine residues in the S2S3 loop relieves K7 channels from a constitutive inhibition imposed by interactions between the EF3 hand of CaM which is crucial for this signaling.
神经元 K7 通道是细胞兴奋性的重要调节因子,是对活性氧物种最敏感的蛋白质之一。电压传感器的 S2S3 接头被报道为介导通道氧化还原调节的位点。最近的结构研究揭示了该接头与钙调蛋白(CaM)第三个 EF 手的 Ca 结合环之间的潜在相互作用,该环包含由 C 端螺旋 A 和 B 形成的反平行叉,构成钙响应结构域(CRD)。我们发现,阻止 Ca 结合到 EF3 手,但不结合到 EF1、EF2 或 EF4 手,会消除氧化诱导的 K7.4 电流增强。使用标记有荧光蛋白的纯化 CRD 监测 A 和 B 螺旋之间的 FRET(荧光共振能量转移),我们观察到 S2S3 肽在 Ca 存在下会导致信号反转,但在没有这种阳离子或肽被氧化的情况下没有影响。EF3 加载 Ca 的能力对于这种 FRET 信号的反转至关重要,而 EF1、EF2 或 EF4 中 Ca 结合的缺失则没有什么影响。此外,我们还表明 EF3 对于将 Ca 信号转化为重新定向 AB 叉至关重要。我们的数据与以下假设一致,即 S2S3 环中的半胱氨酸残基的氧化可使 K7 通道从由 CaM 的 EF3 手对这种信号至关重要的相互作用引起的组成性抑制中解脱出来。