University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 May 20;874:162498. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162498. Epub 2023 Mar 1.
This study quantifies golf course pesticide risk in five regions across the US (Florida, East Texas, Northwest, Midwest, and Northeast) and three countries in Europe (UK, Denmark, and Norway) with the objective of determining how pesticide risk on golf courses varied as a function of climate, regulatory environment, and facility-level economic factors. The hazard quotient model was used to estimate acute pesticide risk to mammals specifically. Data from 68 golf courses are included in the study, with a minimum of at least five golf courses in each region. Though the dataset is small, it is representative of the population at confidence level of 75 % with a 15 % margin of error. Pesticide risk appeared to be similar across US regions with varied climates, and significantly lower in the UK, and lowest in Norway and Denmark. In the Southern US (East Texas and Florida), greens contribute most to total pesticide risk while in nearly all other regions fairways make the greatest contribution to overall pesticide risk. The relationship between facility-level economic factors such as maintenance budget was limited in most regions of the study, except in the Northern US (Midwest, Northwest, and Northeast) where maintenance and pesticide budget correlated to pesticide risk and use intensity. However, there was a strong relationship between regulatory environment and pesticide risk across all regions. Pesticide risk was significantly lower in Norway, Denmark, and the UK, where twenty or fewer active ingredients were available to golf course superintendents, than it was in US where depending on the state between 200 and 250 pesticide active ingredients were registered for use on golf courses.
本研究量化了美国五个地区（佛罗里达州、东德克萨斯州、西北部、中西部和东北部）和欧洲三个国家（英国、丹麦和挪威）的高尔夫球场农药风险，目的是确定高尔夫球场的农药风险如何随气候、监管环境和设施经济因素而变化。危害系数模型用于专门估算哺乳动物的急性农药风险。该研究共纳入了 68 个高尔夫球场的数据，每个地区至少有 5 个高尔夫球场。尽管数据集较小，但它在置信水平为 75%、误差幅度为 15%的情况下具有代表性。农药风险似乎在美国不同气候的地区相似，在英国显著较低，在挪威和丹麦最低。在美国南部（东德克萨斯州和佛罗里达州），果岭对总农药风险的贡献最大，而在几乎所有其他地区，球道对整体农药风险的贡献最大。设施经济因素（如维护预算）与农药风险之间的关系在研究的大多数地区都受到限制，除了美国北部（中西部、西北部和东北部），在这些地区，维护和农药预算与农药风险和使用强度相关。然而，在所有地区，监管环境和农药风险之间存在很强的关系。在挪威、丹麦和英国，农药风险明显较低，因为高尔夫球场主管可使用的活性成分数量为二十种或更少，而在美国，根据各州的不同，有 200 到 250 种农药活性成分可用于高尔夫球场。
