Evaluation of status quo and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure among empty-nest elderly in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal survey (CHARLS).

OBJECTIVE

The aging society and the empty nest of the elderly have become issues that cannot be ignored by the Chinese government. Not only does the physical function of the empty-nest elderly (ENE) decline, and the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases increase significantly, but they are also more likely to have loneliness, low life satisfaction, mental health problems, and even a much greater possibility of suffering from depression than the nonempty-nest elderly, besides the possibility of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) which is also greatly increased. This paper aims to evaluate the status quo of dilemma and determinants of a vast sample of subjects based on the national level.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Data were obtained from the latest 2018's data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Under the guidance of Andersen's model of health services utilization, this study clarified the overall and different demographic characteristics and prevalence of CHE among ENE and further built the Logit and Tobit model to explore the determinants of CHE occurrence and its intensity.

RESULTS

A total of 7,602 ENE were included in the analysis, and the overall incidence of CHE among them was 21.20%. Poor self-reported health status (OR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.71-2.35), suffering from three or more chronic diseases simultaneously (OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.42-2.15), low life satisfaction (OR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.20-1.68) and advanced age played the leading role in accounting for its high risk, and its intensity increased 0.0311 (SE=0.005), 0.0234 (SE=0.007), and 0.0178 (SE=0.005), respectively. In contrast, the leading drop in the probability of CHE among ENE was those whose monthly income was over 20,000 CNY (OR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.38-0.55), whose intensity declined 0.0399 (SE=0.005), whose monthly income was between 2,000 and 20,000 CNY (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.90) and whose intensity declined 0.021 (SE=0.005), and who were married during the survey period (OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.70-0.94). Simultaneously, rural ENE showed more vulnerability and higher risk of CHE when confronted with these factors compared with the urban ones.

CONCLUSIONS

More attention should be paid for ENE in China. The priority, including the relevant health insurance or social security measurements, should be further strengthened.