An Analysis of Seafood Recalls in the United States, 2002 Through 2022.

This review analyzes the seafood recalls registered by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) from October 2002 through March 2022. There were more than 2,400 recalls for seafood products over this 20-year period. Biological contamination was the listed root cause for about 40% of these recalls. Almost half were designated as Class I recalls, due to the high risk of the recalled seafood to cause disease or death. Independent of the recall classification, 74% of the recalls were due to violations of the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) regulations. The most common cause for these seafood recalls was due to undeclared allergens (34%). More than half of the undeclared allergen recalls were for undeclared milk and eggs. Recalls for Listeria monocytogenes accounted for 30% of all recalls and were all Class I. Finfish comprised 70% of the recall incidents, and salmon was the single most recalled species (22%). Improper cold smoking treatment that resulted in Listeria monocytogenes contamination was the most common reason reported for the salmon recalls. The goal of this review was to evaluate the main causes of food safety failures within the seafood manufacturing and distribution sectors. Human errors and failures to control food safety risks during the processing of food are the main driving factors for most reported recalls in the U.S. Properly applying the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach and procedures are needed to identify the potential food safety risks. The key to reducing the risks of human error and loss of process control is the development and implementation of an effective food safety culture program at the manufacturing facility, which must require strong senior management support at corporate and enterprise levels.