Fingerprinting of rainfall over semi-arid region, Western India, using MATLAB and GIS.

The present study investigates long-term changes in the rainfall regime over the Sabarmati River Basin, Western India, during 1981-2020 using computational and spatial analysis tools. Daily gridded rainfall data from India Meteorological Department (IMD) at 0.25 × 0.25 spatial resolution was employed to determine changes in rainfall at annual, monthly, and seasonal scales and analyze changes in rainfall characteristics using different thresholds for dry/ wet days and prolonged spells over Western India. Mann-Kendall test, Sen slope estimation, and linear regression analysis indicate that annual and monsoon rainfall over the basin has increased while the rest of the seasons have shown a declining trend. However, none of the trends obtained was found to be statistically significant. Spatial analysis of rainfall trends for each decade between 1980 and 2020 revealed that certain parts of the basin had experienced a significant declining trend during 1991-2000. Monthly rainfall analysis indicates the presence of a unimodal distribution of rainfall and a shift in rainfall towards later monsoon months (August and September). It is also inferred that days with moderate rainfall have decreased while low and extreme rainfall events have increased over the basin. It is evident from the study that the rainfall regime is highly erratic, and the study is important in understanding the changes in the rainfall regime during the last 40 years. The study has significant implications for water resource management, agricultural planning, and mitigation of water-related disasters.