Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
Center of Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Apr 13;23(8):3957. doi: 10.3390/s23083957.
Engagement is enhanced by the ability to access the state of flow during a task, which is described as a full immersion experience. We report two studies on the efficacy of using physiological data collected from a wearable sensor for the automated prediction of flow. Study 1 took a two-level block design where activities were nested within its participants. A total of five participants were asked to complete 12 tasks that aligned with their interests while wearing the Empatica E4 sensor. This yielded 60 total tasks across the five participants. In a second study representing daily use of the device, a participant wore the device over the course of 10 unstructured activities over 2 weeks. The efficacy of the features derived from the first study were tested on these data. For the first study, a two-level fixed effects stepwise logistic regression procedure indicated that five features were significant predictors of flow. In total, two were related to skin temperature (median change with respect to the baseline and skewness of the temperature distribution) and three were related to acceleration (the acceleration skewness in the x and y directions and the kurtosis of acceleration in the y direction). Logistic regression and naïve Bayes models provided a strong classification performance (AUC > 0.7, between-participant cross-validation). For the second study, these same features yielded a satisfactory prediction of flow for the new participant wearing the device in an unstructured daily use setting (AUC > 0.7, leave-one-out cross-validation). The features related to acceleration and skin temperature appear to translate well for the tracking of flow in a daily use environment.
参与度可以通过在任务期间访问流畅状态来增强,这种状态被描述为完全沉浸的体验。我们报告了两项使用可穿戴传感器收集的生理数据自动预测流畅度的功效研究。研究 1 采用两级块设计,其中活动嵌套在参与者中。共有 5 名参与者被要求在佩戴 Empatica E4 传感器的情况下完成 12 项与其兴趣相符的任务。这使得 5 名参与者总共完成了 60 项任务。在第二项研究中,代表设备的日常使用,一名参与者在两周内佩戴设备进行了 10 项非结构化活动。第一项研究中得出的特征的功效在这些数据上进行了测试。对于第一项研究,两级固定效应逐步逻辑回归程序表明,有五个特征是流畅度的显著预测因子。总共有两个与皮肤温度有关(相对于基线的中位数变化和温度分布的偏度),三个与加速度有关(x 和 y 方向的加速度偏度和 y 方向的加速度峰度)。逻辑回归和朴素贝叶斯模型提供了很强的分类性能(AUC > 0.7,参与者间交叉验证)。对于第二项研究,在非结构化日常使用环境中佩戴设备的新参与者中,这些相同的特征对流畅度的预测也很理想(AUC > 0.7,留一法交叉验证)。与加速度和皮肤温度相关的特征似乎在日常使用环境中跟踪流畅度方面转换得很好。
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