Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
CNS Drugs. 2023 Jun;37(6):477-487. doi: 10.1007/s40263-023-01006-7. Epub 2023 May 3.
Andexanet alfa (AA) is a recombinant factor Xa competing for binding with factor Xa inhibitors, thereby reversing their anticoagulation effects. Since 2019, it has been approved for individuals under apixaban or rivaroxaban therapy suffering from life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. Apart from the pivotal trial, real-world data on the use of AA in daily clinics are scarce. We reviewed the current literature on patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and summarized the available evidence regarding several outcome parameters. On the basis of this evidence, we provide a standard operating procedure (SOP) for routine AA application. We searched PubMed and additional databases through 18 January 2023 for case reports, case series, studies, reviews, and guidelines. Data on hemostatic efficacy, in-hospital mortality, and thrombotic events were pooled and compared with the pivotal trial data. While hemostatic efficacy in world-wide clinical routine seems to be comparable to the pivotal trial, thrombotic events and in-hospital mortality appear to be substantially higher. Various confounding factors responsible for this finding such as exclusion and inclusion criteria resulting in a highly selected patient cohort within the controlled clinical trial have to be considered. The SOP provided should support physicians in patient selection for AA treatment as well as facilitate routine use and dosing. This review underlines the urgent need for more data from randomized trials to appreciate the benefit and safety profile of AA. Meanwhile, this SOP should help to improve frequency and quality of AA use in patients suffering from ICH while on apixaban or rivaroxaban treatment.
Andexanet alfa (AA) 是一种重组因子 Xa,可与因子 Xa 抑制剂竞争结合,从而逆转其抗凝作用。自 2019 年以来,它已被批准用于接受阿哌沙班或利伐沙班治疗且有生命威胁或不受控制的出血的患者。除了关键试验外,AA 在日常临床中的使用的真实世界数据非常有限。我们回顾了目前关于颅内出血 (ICH) 患者的文献,并总结了关于几个结局参数的现有证据。在此基础上,我们为常规 AA 应用提供了一个标准操作程序 (SOP)。我们通过 2023 年 1 月 18 日检索 PubMed 和其他数据库,以获取病例报告、病例系列、研究、综述和指南。汇集并比较了止血疗效、住院死亡率和血栓事件的数据,并与关键试验数据进行比较。虽然全球临床常规中的止血疗效似乎与关键试验相当,但血栓事件和住院死亡率似乎要高得多。需要考虑导致这一发现的各种混杂因素,如排除和纳入标准导致在对照临床试验中选择了高度筛选的患者队列。提供的 SOP 应有助于医生选择 AA 治疗的患者,并促进常规使用和剂量。这篇综述强调了迫切需要更多来自随机试验的数据,以评估 AA 的获益和安全性。同时,该 SOP 应有助于提高接受阿哌沙班或利伐沙班治疗的 ICH 患者中 AA 的使用频率和质量。
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