Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
PLoS One. 2023 Jun 14;18(6):e0286951. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286951. eCollection 2023.
Not only the water quantity consumed but also the source of drinking water has been considered for their health benefits, but there is limited evidence. We aimed to determine whether the amount and type of drinking water affect physiological and biological functions, including brain function, by confirming how it affects gut microbiota which has an important regulatory role in host physiology. Three-week-old infant mice were subjected to 1) a water restriction experiment (control group, ad libitum consumption of distilled water; dehydration group, time-limited access to distilled water [15 min/day]) and 2) different water source experiment (distilled water, purified water, spring water, and tap water groups). The gut microbiota and cognitive development were analyzed using the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing method and the Barnes maze, respectively. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) changed depending on age (juveniles vs. infants). Insufficient water intake reversed these developmental changes, showing that the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and the F/B ratio in dehydrated juvenile mice were similar to those in normal infant mice. Additionally, clustering analysis revealed no significant differences in the intestinal flora in the mice from the different drinking water sources; however, dehydration significantly altered the composition of the genera compared to the other water source groups wherein water was provided ad libitum. Moreover, cognitive development was significantly disrupted by insufficient water intake, although the type of drinking water had no significant influence. Cognitive decline, measured by relative latency, was positively associated with the relative abundance of unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae that were in significantly high relative abundance in the dehydration group. These results suggest that the water quantity consumed, rather than the mineral content of drinking water, is imperative for shaping the early gut microbiota associated with cognitive development during infancy.
不仅考虑了饮用水的水量，还考虑了饮用水的来源，以了解其对健康的益处，但证据有限。我们旨在确定饮用水的量和类型是否通过确认其如何影响在宿主生理学中具有重要调节作用的肠道微生物群，从而影响包括大脑功能在内的生理和生物学功能。将 3 周龄的婴儿小鼠进行 1）水限制实验（对照组，自由饮用蒸馏水；脱水组，限时饮用蒸馏水[每天 15 分钟]）和 2）不同水源实验（蒸馏水、纯净水、泉水和自来水组）。分别使用 16S 核糖体核糖核酸测序方法和 Barnes 迷宫分析肠道微生物群和认知发育。厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度以及厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比例（F/B 比）随年龄（幼龄与婴儿）而变化。饮水不足会逆转这些发育变化，表明脱水幼鼠的拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度以及 F/B 比与正常婴儿鼠相似。此外，聚类分析显示，来自不同饮用水源的小鼠肠道菌群没有明显差异；然而，与其他水供应组相比，脱水会显著改变属的组成。此外，尽管饮用水的类型没有显著影响，但认知发展会因饮水不足而明显受到干扰。相对潜伏期衡量的认知下降与未分类的红螺菌科的相对丰度呈正相关，该菌在脱水组中的相对丰度显著较高。这些结果表明，在婴儿期，与认知发育相关的早期肠道微生物群的形成，消耗的水量比饮用水的矿物质含量更为重要。
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