Improving heart failure outcomes with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in different patient groups.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) were originally developed for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Because of regulatory requirements to show the safety of this new class of drugs, a large randomized cardiovascular (CV) outcomes trial was completed but this showed that instead of having a neutral effect on heart failure (HF) outcomes, that these drugs could reduce HF outcomes in this population. Subsequent trials with SGLT-2is have shown that HF hospitalizations are reduced by 30% and CV death or HF hospitalization by 21% in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings have extended to patients with HF with reduced and mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction in whom further HF hospitalizations are reduced by 28% and CV death or HF hospitalizations reduced by 23%, and that it is becoming a central therapy for the treatment of HF. Moreover, the benefit in patients with HF is observed regardless of the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. Similarly, in patients with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria, with and without type 2 diabetes, the benefit of SGLT-2is is clearly seen with a 44% reduction in HF hospitalization and 25% reduction in CV death or HF hospitalization. These trials support the use of SGLT-2is in improving HF outcomes in a broad range of patients, from those with type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and those with pre-existing HF regardless of ejection fraction.