Dynamics of carbon dioxide emission during cracking in peanut shell biochar-amended soil.

As a primary source of greenhouse gas emissions and a carbon sink, soil plays a key role in climate regulation. The development of cracks in soil strongly influences CO emissions, and soil amendment with biochar has been shown to reduce cracking. However, the impact of biochar on CO emissions during soil cracking is not well understood. This study investigates the release of CO flux during the cracking of peanut shell biochar-amended soil. The biochar-amended soil was incubated at a constant temperature of 35 °C for 160 h with periodic photography and analysis of CO concentration and soil moisture. To achieve continuous monitoring of incubation soil, a new coupled sensor was specially designed to measure CO concentration and soil moisture, based on the Arduino microcontroller. Measured results reveal that peanut shell biochar reduced the evaporation rate by 29 % compared to unamended soil, resulting in slower soil cracking caused by water loss. The biochar also decreased the shrinkage crack length by 20 % compared to unamended soil. In addition, the crack volume fraction was reduced by 16 % after the peanut shell biochar amendment. Due to the reduction of the soil crack channel openings during drying shrinkage when biochar was applied to the soil, cumulative CO fluxes were also reduced by 5 % compared to unamended soil. The presence of biochar induced more stable and larger compounds with the soil particles, which blocked the crack propagation path and inhibited further development of the crack.